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Greater Himalaya
> 4600m
Tibetan Plateau
Western Disturbances Lesser
Himalaya
Nov. – March/April
3600-4600m 4000m
Outer Himalaya
Siwalik
1500- 3500m
Terai900-1500m
<300m
SW Monsoon
June – Sep
Glaciers – 10%
Winter snow cover 35-50 %
Maximum monsoon precipitation at
1500 – 3000 m asl
Western
disturbances
Monsoon
(June-Sep.)
India gets her name from this river basin
Five main tributaries of Indus basin from east are:
Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj
Principal rivers of Indus system are perennial while
tributaries are more dependent on monsoon rains
Most of basin lies in India and Pakistan. Only ~ 13 %
of its total catchment is in Tibet and Afghanistan
Within India, Indus Basin lies in the States of J & K,
Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
Originate at height of 5,494 m asl near
Mansarovar lake in Tibet in the Himalayas
Flows for 2880 km before meeting the Arabian
sea. The length of river in India is 1114 km.
Sixth largest river of the world whose agriculturecentred civilization belongs to 5th millennium BC
Basin extends over an area of 11,65,500 sq. km.
Drainage area in India is 3,21,289 sq. km
Hydropower potential of basin is assessed as
19988 MW at 60% load factor.
32 implemented/under-construction schemes
account for ~ 28% of assessed potential of basin.
Bhakra-Nangal project
Beas project (Pong & Pandoh dams)
Harike barrage
Rajasthan canal
Ranjit Sagar dam
Sutlej-Yamuna Iink canal
Ravi-Tawi lift irrigation scheme
Salal Hydro-electric project
Baglihar Hydro-electric project
Signed on Sept 19, 1960 at Karachi
Water of Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas and Sutlej), shall be
available to India for unrestricted use
From Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab), India
use water for domestic use, non-consumptive uses, runof-river plants and specified agriculture.
Catchment area in India – 1,80,000 sq. km
Av. annual precipitation in the basin – 250 mm
4989 glaciers covering an area of 17510 km2
Mean Annual Runoff ~ 110 BCM
Major Hydro-electric projects – Alchi, Chutak
Catchment area in India – 47,528 km2
Average annual rainfall in the basin – 684.9 mm
Number of glaciers - 133
Glaciated area – 94.18 km2
Average annual runoff ~ 14.616 BCM
Major Hydro-electric projects – Lower Jhelum &
Upper Sindh projects
Catchment area in India – 22,770 sq. km
Elevation range up to Akhnoor – 308 – 7042 m
Average annual rainfall in the basin – 1217 mm
Average snow-covered area after winter ~ 70%
Permanent snow cover area ~ 25%
1278 glaciers covering an area of 2300 km2
Average annual flow ~ 25.96 BCM
Snow/glacier-melt ~ 49% of average annual flow
Major Hydro-electric projects – Salal & Baglihar
Catchment area in India – 2,168 sq. km
Elevation range : 200 – 4000 m
Average annual rainfall in the basin – 1417 mm
Average snow-covered area after winter ~ 10%
Mean Annual Runoff ~ 1348 MCM
Major Hydro-electric projects – Chenani I, II & III
Catchment area in India ~13886 sq. km
Average annual rainfall in the basin ~ 600 mm
172 glaciers covering an area of 193 km2
Mean Annual Runoff ~ 691 MCM
Major Hydro-electric projects – Sewa-III
DETAILS
Basin Area
Elevation Range
Land use
features
Average Annual
SATLUJ
BEAS
21163 Km2
12377 Km2
Max. Elevation – 6734 m Max. Elevation – 6617 m
Min. Elevation – 326 m
Min. Elevation – 308 m
Forest , Snow cover,
Forest , Snow cover,
Water, Barren land
Water, Barren land
1416 mm
1843 mm
Bhakra Nangal Dam
Maharana Pratap Sagar
55%
35%
Rainfall
Major Reservoir
Snow/glacier
melt contribution
in annual flow
Hydrological network and database
Impact of climate change on regional water resources
Changing glacial resources
Flash floods generated from Cloudburst/GLOF
Excessive soil erosion and siltation in river flows
Conservation & management of lakes & springs
Inaccessible & inhospitable mountainous conditions
Variation in altitude, slope, aspect, soil, and landuse
Hydro-meteorological characteristics change over short
distances (say on windward and leeward sides)
Quite sparse hydrological network in various basins
Need for high density of hydrometric stations for reliable
assessment of hydrological variables
In addition, need for proper design of hydrometric
network and installation of automated telemetry stations
3500
Flux
Average
3000
Linear (Flux)
Flux (MCM)
2500
2000
Average = 1803 MCM
1500
1000
500
0
1977
1982
1987
1992
Year
1997
2002
2007
Chhatru (Chenab)
Batal (Chenab)
Volume -7%
Area - 5%
Recession – 26 m/yr
Volume -26%
Area - 22%
Recession – 54m/yr
Beaskund-1 (Beas)
Beaskund-2 (Beas)
1980
2006
Volume - 48%
Area - 41%
Recession – 2 m/yr
Volume - 49%
Area - 43%
Recession – 7.5 m/yr
Khardug glacier
Unnamed vanished glacier
Phutse glacier
Nangtse glacier
Site of GLOF washed out Road
Pond
sites
Site of GLOF washed out bridge
Road washed off
Flood mark on the banks of lake
Washed of Culvert enroute to Pangong Lake
1996
1997
8000
Observed discharge
Simulated discharge
Rainfall runoff
Melt runoff
Baseflow
Discharge (m3/s)
6000
4000
2000
0
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M AM J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S
1996
1997
1998
1999
2800
Observed streamflow
2400
Simulated streamflow
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
Simulated baseflow
3
Streamflow (m /s)
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N
A number of high altitude natural lakes: Wular, Dal,
Nagin, Manasbal, Mansar, Surinsar and Sanasar etc.
These lakes are of high socio-economic importance but
deteriorating with time in quantity and quality
Important to estimate water balance components of lakes
and suggest measures for their preservation & sustenance
A large number of springs in mountainous areas which
serve as a source of water supply for nearby population
Water flows in the springs are diminishing with time. It is
important to understand the hydrology of recharge zones
Depending on the causes of diminishing spring flows,
ameliorative measures needed to sustain spring flows
With time, water demands are increasing while supplies
are getting limited in quantity & quality
In such scenarios , water is getting considerable
attention for its optimum utilization
Western Himalayan region of the Indus basin suffers from
some hydrological problems related to sparse hydrometric
network, climate change impact, flash floods, and
sedimentation
There is a need to create the dense hydrometric network
and generate long-term hydrological database for the
region
Glacier and snow-melt have major contribution to the
river flows in the region. It is necessary to characterize
the glaciers in different climatological regions of the basin
To develop adaptation strategies to cope up with the likely
climate change impacts, it is important to carry out
hydrological modeling studies for different basins with
probable climate change scenarios
In view of the enormous hydropower potential in the
basin, plan should be developed to generate maximum
hydropower from the available resources
Sedimentation being a major concern for development of
new projects, watershed prioritization measures may be
adopted to control sediment generation & movement
T
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