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• packet-switched network
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Datagram
A datagram is a basic transfer unit
associated with a packet-switched network
in which the delivery, arrival time, and
order of arrival are not guaranteed by the
network service.
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4G Background
New mobile generations have
appeared about every ten years since
the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to
digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This
was followed, in 2001, by 3G multimedia support, spread spectrum
transmission and at least 200 kbit/s
peak bit rate, in 2011/2012 expected to
be followed by "real" 4G, which refers
to all-Internet Protocol (IP) packetswitched networks giving mobile
ultra-broadband (gigabit speed)
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4G History of 4G and pre-4G technologies
1
In 4G systems, the circuit-switched
infrastructure is abandoned and only
a packet-switched network is
provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems
require both packet-switched and
circuit-switched network nodes, i.e
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Computer network Quality of service
1
The following list gives examples of
network performance measures for a
circuit-switched network and one type
of packet-switched network, viz. ATM:
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IPv4
1
IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for
use on packet-switched networks. It
operates on a best effort delivery
model, in that it does not guarantee
delivery, nor does it assure proper
sequencing or avoidance of duplicate
delivery. These aspects, including
data integrity, are addressed by an
upper layer transport protocol, such
as the Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP).
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IS-IS
1
It accomplishes this by determining the best
route for datagrams through a packet-switched
network
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Frame Relay - Technical description
1
Frame Relay originated as an extension of
Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN). Its designers aimed to enable a
packet-switched network to transport over
circuit-switched technology. The
technology has become a stand-alone and
cost-effective means of creating a WAN.
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Multiprotocol Label Switching - Introduction
1
MPLS belongs to the family of
packet-switched networks.
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Packet switching - History
Leonard Kleinrock conducted early
research in queueing theory which proved
important in packet switching, and
published a book in the related field of
digital message switching (without the
packets) in 1961; he also later played a
leading role in building and management
of the world's first packet-switched
network, the ARPANET.
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Packet switching - History
1
In 1965, Davies developed the concept
of packet-switched networks and
proposed development of a UK wide
network
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Packet switching - Merit Network
1
With initial support from the State of
Michigan and the National Science
Foundation (NSF), the packet-switched
network was first demonstrated in
December 1971 when an interactive
host to host connection was made
between the IBM mainframe computer
systems at the University of Michigan
in Ann Arbor and Wayne State
University in Detroit
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Systems engineering - Related fields and sub-fields
For example, the performance of a
packet-switched network is
characterised by the end-to-end packet
transit delay, or the number of packets
switched in an hour
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Telecommunications in Ghana - Internet
1
In 2011, Ghana's internet subscription
rose sharply, and in 2010, there were
165 licensed internet service
providers in Ghana and they were
running 29 of the fiber optic, and
authorized networks VSAT operators
were 176, of which 57 functioned, and
99 internet operators were authorized
to the public, and private data and
packet-switched network operators
were 25.
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Network packet
1
A network packet is a formatted unit of
data carried by a packet-switched
network. Computer communications
links that do not support packets, such
as traditional point-to-point
telecommunications links, simply
transmit data as a bit stream. When data
is formatted into packets, the bandwidth
of the communication medium can be
better shared among users than if the
network were circuit switched.
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Latency (engineering) - Packet-switched networks
Network latency in a packet-switched
network is measured either one-way (the
time from the source sending a packet to
the destination receiving it), or round-trip
(the one-way latency from source to
destination plus the one-way latency from
the destination back to the source)
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Voice over IP - Quality of service
Voice, and all other data, travels in
packets over IP networks with fixed
maximum capacity. This system may be
more prone to congestion and DoS
attacks than traditional circuit switched
systems; a circuit switched system of
insufficient capacity will refuse new
connections while carrying the
remainder without impairment, while
the quality of real-time data such as
telephone conversations on packetswitched networks degrades
1
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Quality of service - Qualities of traffic
In packet-switched networks, quality of
service is affected by various factors,
which can be divided into “human” and
“technical” factors. Human factors include:
stability of service, availability of service,
delays, user information. Technical factors
include: reliability, scalability,
effectiveness, maintainability, grade of
service, etc.
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TCP and UDP port
1
The purpose of ports is to uniquely identify
different applications or processes running
on a single computer and thereby enable
them to share a single physical connection
to a packet-switched network like the
Internet
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Packet (information technology)
1
A 'network packet' is a formatted unit of data
carried by a packet-switched network.
Computer communications links that do not
support packets, such as traditional Point-topoint link|point-to-point telecommunications
links, simply transmit data as a bit stream.
When data is formatted into packets, the
Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth of the
communication medium can be better shared
among users than if the network were circuit
switching|circuit switched.
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History of the Internet - NPL
In 1965, Donald Davies of the National
Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
proposed a national data network based
on packet-switching. The proposal was
not taken up nationally, but by 1970 he
had designed and built the Mark I packetswitched network to meet the needs of the
multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the
technology under operational conditions.
By 1976 12 computers and 75 terminal
devices were attached and more were
added until the network was replaced in
1986.
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History of the Internet - Merit Network
1
was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research
Information Triad to explore computer networking between
three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the
state's educational and economic
development.[http://www.merit.edu/about/history/article.php A
Chronicle of Merit's Early History], John Mulcahy, 1989, Merit
Network, Ann Arbor, Michigan With initial support from the
State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation
(NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in
December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection
was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at
the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State
University in
Detroit.[http://www.merit.edu/about/history/timeline_1970.php
Merit Network Timeline: 1970–1979], Merit Network, Ann
Arbor, Michigan In October 1972 connections to the Control
Data Corporation|CDC mainframe at Michigan State
University in East Lansing completed the triad
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Internet telephony
1
Instead of being transmitted over a circuitswitched network, however, the digital
information is packetized, and
transmission occurs as Internet Protocol
(IP) packets over a packet-switched
network
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Internet telephony - Quality of service
This system may be more prone to
congestion and Denial-of-service attack|DoS
attacks[http://www.continuitycentral.com/featu
re074.htm VOIP– Vulnerability over Internet
Protocol] than traditional circuit switched
systems; a circuit switched system of
insufficient capacity will refuse new
connections while carrying the remainder
without impairment, while the quality of realtime data such as telephone conversations
on packet-switched networks degrades
dramatically.
1
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Systems Design Engineering - Related fields and sub-fields
For example, the performance of a
packet-switched network is characterized
by the end-to-end packet transit delay, or
the number of packets switched in an hour
1
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Bolt, Beranek and Newman - Spin-offs and mergers
1
In the 1970s, BBN created Telenet, Inc., to run the
first public packet-switched network.
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Internet Protocol Television
1
'Internet Protocol television' ('IPTV')
is a system through which television
services are delivered using the
Internet protocol suite over a packetswitched network such as the
Internet, instead of being delivered
through traditional Terrestrial
television|terrestrial, Satellite
television|satellite signal, and cable
television|cable television formats.
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Packet-switched - History
1
In 1965, Davies developed the concept of
packet-switched networks and proposed
development of a UK wide network
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I-Mode
1
Unlike Wireless Application Protocol,
i-mode encompasses a wider variety
of internet standards, including web
access, e-mail and the packetswitched network that delivers the
data
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Comparison between OTT and IPTV - IPTV
1
'Internet Protocol television' 'IPTV' is
a system through which television
services are delivered using the
Internet protocol suite over a packetswitched network such as the
Internet, instead of being delivered
through traditional Terrestrial
television|terrestrial, Satellite
television|satellite signal, and cable
television|cable television formats.
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Telecommunications in Ghana - Internet
In 2011, Ghana's Digital subscriber
line|internet subscription rose sharply, and
in 2010, there were 165 licensed internet
service providers in Ghana and they were
running 29 of the Optical fiber|fiber optic,
and authorized networks VSAT operators
were 176, of which 57 functioned, and 99
internet operators were authorized to the
public, and private data and packetswitched network operators were
25.Atteneri Nabila Benítez Trujillo
1
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Toll-free number - Technical description of toll-free number routing in the U.S.
The SS7 network is a packet-switched
network carrying signaling data (setup and
tear down of the call and services)
separate from the circuit-switched bearer
network (the payload of the telephone call)
in the AIN services network
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History of CP/CMS - 1968–86?: VP/CSS
1
Later features included a packet-switched
network, FILEDEF-level (pipeline
(software)|pipe) interprocess/intermachine
communication, and database integration
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Fault-tolerant system
1
For example, the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) is designed to allow
reliable two-way communication in a
packet-switched network, even in the
presence of communications links
which are imperfect or overloaded
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Softswitch
A softswitch is typically used to
control connections at the junction
point between circuit
switching|circuit-switched and
packet network|packet-switched
networks. A single device containing
both the switching logic and the
switched fabric can be used for this
purpose; however, modern technology
has led to a preference for
decomposing this device into a Call
Agent and a Media gateway|Media
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Babel (protocol)
1
The 'Babel' routing protocol is a distancevector routing protocol for Internet Protocol
packet-switched networks that is designed
to be robust and efficient on both wireless
mesh networks and wired networks.
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Distance vector
1
In computer communication theory relating
to packet-switched networks, a 'distancevector routing protocol' is one of the two
major classes of routing protocols, the
other major class being the link-state
protocol. Distance-vector routing protocols
use the Bellman–Ford algorithm, Ford–
Fulkerson algorithm, or DUAL FSM (in the
case of Cisco Systems's protocols) to
calculate paths.
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H.323 - History
1
Over the years, H.323 has been revised
and re-published with enhancements
necessary to better-enable both voice and
video functionality over packet-switched
networks, with each version being
backward-compatible with the previous
version.[http://www.itu.int/rec/T-RECH.323/en/ ITU-T Recommendation H.323],
in force, superseded and withdrawn
component
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Douglas E. Comer - Research Grants
*Feasibility Studies of High-Performance
Communication Over Public Packet-Switched
Networks-1984
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Teletraffic engineering
1
The field was created by the work of Agner
Krarup Erlang|A. K. Erlang for circuit
switching|circuit-switched networks but is
applicable to packet-switched networks, as
they both exhibit Markov
property|Markovian properties, and can
hence be modeled by e.g. a Poisson
process|Poisson arrival process.
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Push-to-talk - Mobile phone
1
Later versions of PTT are based on 2.5G
or 3G packet-switched networks and use
Session Initiation Protocol|SIP and Realtime Transport Protocol|RTP protocols.
These particular versions of PTT are
called 'Push to Talk over Cellular', which is
abbreviated PoC. When used with GSM
and CDMA networks, the PTT service
commonly does not use up the regular
airtime minutes that are available for
general voice calls.
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X.25 - History
Publicly accessible X.25 networks
(Compuserve, Tymnet, EuroNet
(telecommunications network)|Euronet,
Packet Switch Stream|PSS, Datapac,
Packet-switched network#Datanet
1|Datanet 1 and Telenet) were set up in
most countries during the 1970s and 80s,
to lower the cost of accessing various
online services.
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X.25 - Architecture
The general concept of X.25 was to
create a universal and global packet
switched network|packet-switched
network. Much of the X.25 system is a
description of the rigorous error
correction needed to achieve this, as
well as more efficient sharing of
capital-intensive physical resources.
1
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Port numbers
The purpose of ports is to uniquely
identify different applications or
processes running on a single
computer and thereby enable them to
share a single physical connection to a
packet-switched network like the
Internet
1
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Public land mobile network - Public switched telephone network
The PSTN is the world's collection of
interconnected voice-oriented public
telephone networks, in much the same
way that the Internet is the concatenation
of the world's public IP-based packetswitched networks
1
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Jitter - Jitter buffers
1
Jitter buffers or de-jitter buffers are used
to counter jitter introduced by queuing in
packet switching|packet switched
networks so that a continuous playout of
audio (or video) transmitted over the
network can be ensured. The maximum
jitter that can be countered by a de-jitter
buffer is equal to the buffering delay
introduced before starting the play-out of
the mediastream. In the context of
packet-switched networks, the term
packet delay variation is often preferred
over jitter.
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Packet Switch Stream
1
In the United Kingdom, 'Packet Switch
Stream' ('PSS') was an X.25-based
packet-switched network, provided by
the British Post Office
Telecommunications and then British
Telecommunications starting in 1980
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Dan Lungren - U.S. House of Representatives (2005–2013)
1
In 2005, Lungren supported the USA
PATRIOT Act, which renewed the
Federal Government's ability to
perform secret surveillance including
wiretaps of citizens and monitoring of
public and private computer packetswitched networks to prevent
terrorism from hitting the United
States
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Public data network
In communications, a PDN is a circuit
switched|circuit- or packet-switched
network that is available to the public and
that can transmit data in digital form
1
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Markus Hess - Getting in
Hess's initial activities started at the
University of Bremen in Germany through
the German Packet-switched
network|Datex-P network via satellite link
or transatlantic communications
cable|transatlantic cable to the Tymnet
International Gateway
1
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Public switched data network
A 'public switched data network'
('PSDN') is a publicly available packetswitched network, distinct from the
PSTN.
1
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Public switched data network
1
Originally this term referred only to Packet
Switch Stream (PSS), an X.25-based packetswitched network, mostly used to provide
leased-line connections between local area
networks and the Internet using permanent
virtual circuits (PVCs). Today, the term may
refer not only to Frame Relay and
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), both
providing PVCs, but also to Internet Protocol
(IP), GPRS, and other packet-switching
techniques.
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Public switched data network
One advantage of packet-switched
networks is that packets from different
sources going to different destinations
can share common data pathways.
1
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IP TV
1
'Internet Protocol television' ('IPTV') is a
system through which television services
are delivered using the Internet protocol
suite over a packet-switched network such
as a LAN or the Internet, instead of being
delivered through traditional Terrestrial
television|terrestrial, Satellite
television|satellite signal, and cable
television|cable television formats
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Packet shaping - Bufferbloat
Bufferbloat is a phenomenon in
packet-switched networks generally,
in which excess buffer
(telecommunication)|buffering of
packets causes high latency
(engineering)|latency and packet
delay variation (also known as jitter),
as well as reducing the overall
network throughput
1
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Burst
**Burst switching, a feature of
some packet-switched networks
1
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Traffic generation model
1
A 'packet generation model' is a traffic
generation model of the packet flows
or data sources in a packet-switched
network
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Max-min fairness
1
Fair queuing is an example of a max-min
fair packet scheduling algorithm for
statistical multiplexing and best effort
packet-switched networks, since it gives
scheduling priority to users that have
achieved lowest data rate since they
became active. In case of equally sized
data packets, round-robin scheduling is
max-min fair.
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Micro-bursting (networking)
1
In computer networking, 'micro-bursting'
is a behavior seen on fast packetswitched networks, where rapid bursts of
data packets are sent in quick
succession, leading to periods of full linerate transmission that can overflow data
buffer|packet buffers of the network stack,
both in network endpoints and routers
and switches inside the network. It can be
mitigated by the network scheduler. In
particular, micro-bursting is often caused
by the use of the TCP protocol on such a
network.
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Information network - Network packet
1
A network packet is a formatted unit of
data (a list of bits or bytes) carried by a
packet-switched network. Computer
communications links that do not
support packets, such as traditional
Point-to-point link|point-to-point
telecommunications links, simply
transmit data as a bit stream. When data
is formatted into packets, the Bandwidth
(computing)|bandwidth of the
communication medium can be better
shared among users than if the network
were circuit switching|circuit switched.
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Queuing delay
1
In a packet-switched network, the sum
of the delays encountered by a packet
between the time of insertion into the
network and the time of delivery to the
addressee
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Fault tolerant system
1
For example, the Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) is designed to allow
reliable two-way communication in a
packet-switched network, even in the
presence of communications links which
are imperfect or overloaded
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Internet phone - Quality of service
Voice, and all other data, travels in
packets over IP networks with fixed
maximum capacity. This system may be
more prone to congestion and Denial-ofservice attack|DoS attacks than
traditional circuit switched systems; a
circuit switched system of insufficient
capacity will refuse new connections
while carrying the remainder without
impairment, while the quality of realtime data such as telephone
conversations on packet-switched
networks degrades dramatically.
1
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Value-added network - Since 1980s: International competition and standardization efforts
1
Standardization efforts for data networking
were made by ITU-T (formerly CCIT) and
included X.25 (Packet-switched network) and
X.400 (Message handling system),
specifically motivated by an emerging
transatlantic
competition[http://www.computerwoche.de/he
ftarchiv/1991/45/1142826/ IBM ergauml;nzt
sen Information Network um CIT-X.25Support.] (German news magazine article on
the IBM Information Network)
Computerworld, 45/1991 in the early 1990s.
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Netcode - Potential causes of netcode issues
Latency (engineering)|Latency is an
unavoidable fact of online games, caused
by not only Latency (engineering)#Packetswitched networks|network latency, which
is largely out of a game's control, but also
latency inherit in the way game
simulations are run. There are several
Lag#Solutions and lag compensation|lag
compensation methods used to disguise,
reduce, or cope with latency, however their
feasibility varies by application.
1
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Vector - In computer science
1
*Distance-vector routing protocol, a class
of routing protocols used in packetswitched networks for computer
communications
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