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Wide Area Networks (WAN) Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
AAU
Jens H. Sørensen
[email protected]
20 Oktober 2005
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Table of Contents
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Objectives
Introduction to WANs
Typical WAN Technologies
SDH Protocol
SDH Equipment
SDH Networks
SDH Network Management
SDH Services (partly 2nd part)
WDM/OTN (2nd part)
Network availability, restoration and automatic protection
(2nd part)
Next/new Generation SDH and relations to IP, ATM, WDM,
Ethernet … (2nd part)
Network Synchronisation (2nd part)
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Objectives
Discussion of
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LAN versus WAN, scaleability issues
WAN technologies, overview
Typical WANs, examples, SDH
Relations to networks based on
Ethernet/IP/ATM/DSL …
Upcoming WAN networks
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What is a WAN?
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Definition of "WAN" according to Webopedia:
A computer network that spans a relatively large
geographical area.
Typically, a WAN consists of two or more localarea networks (LANs).
Computers connected to a wide-area network are
often connected through public networks, such
as the telephone system. They can also be
connected through leased lines or satellites.
The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.
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Introduction to WANs
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Introduction
to WANs
Example
High Capacity
Links
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Introduction
to WANs
Example
Physical and
logical Links
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Introduction to WANs - scaleability
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Can Ethernet based LANs be connected nationwide
supporting millions of users?
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Scaleability issues (Ethernet)
– no. of MAC addresses, VLANs, broadcast domains (ARP), STP
convergence, performance of MAC and CSMA/CD under high
load, QoS etc..
– Creation of hierarchical networks
– Long distance optical systems
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Scaleability issues (IP)
– routing tables/IP-address aggregation, rearrangement of fixed
IP-addresses, QoS
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Other technologies are currently used…
Introduction to WANs
TCP, UDP
ATM
SDH, PDH, DXC 1/0
radio links, satellite,
fiber, copper, WLAN
….
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IP MPLS
802.3 Ethernet: MAC, LLC
10/100/1000 BASET,
TX, SX, LX, FX…
Typical WAN Technologies
1010
WAN Technologies
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1111
WAN capacity levels:
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0: 64 kbit/s
1: 2 Mbit/s (PDH)
2: 8 Mbit/s (PDH)
3: 34 Mbit/s/ 45Mbit/s (PDH)
4: 140/155 Mbit/s (PDH/SDH STM-1, SONET OC-3)
5: 622 Mbit/s (SDH STM-4, SONET OC-12)
6: 2,5 Gbit/s (SDH STM-16, SONET OC-48)
…….
WAN Technologies
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1212
DXC 1/0
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH, SONET)
ATM, Frame Relay
PSTN, ISDN
Radio Links
Satellite
+
IP
Ethernet
…..
WAN Technologies
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1313
Why not only concentrate on IP/ethernet
networks?
– Scaleability issues
– SDH, PDH … are essential parts of all incumbent
operators WAN networks including many new service
providers
– 2M and STM-N is widely used as leased lines including
ATM/IP/DSL backbone networks
SDH Protocol
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SDH Protocol - Multiplexing
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1515
Multiplexing PDH signals
– Plesiochronous multiplexing using bit stuffing
Multiplexing SDH signals
– Synchronous Multiplexing using Pointer Processing
SDH på 5 min
SDH ramme, hastigheder og funktionalitet
SOH
Section OverHead
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2
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Payload
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RSOH
Regenerator Section OverHead
AU pointers
MSOH
Multiplex Section OverHead
POH = Path OverHead
9 10
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
11 - 270
PDH
E1
E3
E4
Path payload (C4)
Payload (VC-4)
125 msec
STM-1
STM = Synchronous Transport Module
Bitrate
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1616
9 x 270 x 8 / 0,125
2
3
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RSOH
AU pointers
MSOH
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155.520 kb/s
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10
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
LO Path overhead (V5, J2, N2, K4)
11 12
J1 J1
B3 B3
C2 C2
G1 G1
F2 F2
H4 H4
F3 F3
K3 K3
N1 N1
Payload (3 x VC-3)
125 msec
STM-1
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Hastighed
2 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
140 Mb/s
SDH
Hastighed
vc-12
2,2 Mb/s
vc-3
48 Mb/s
vc-4
150 Mb/s
STM-1
155 Mb/s
STM-4
622 Mb/s
STM-16
2488 Mb/s
STM-64
9953 Mb/s
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SDH Protocol - Multiplexing
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Multiplexing PDH signals
– Plesiochronous multiplexing using bit stuffing
Multiplexing SDH signals
– Synchronous Multiplexing using Pointer Processing
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2020
SDH Protocol
AU-4 Pointer
Adjustment
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SDH Protocol - Multiplexing
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Multiplexing PDH signals
– Plesiochronous multiplexing using bit stuffing
Multiplexing SDH signals
– Synchronous Multiplexing using Pointer Processing
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Multiplexing Structure
– Adaptation of PDH and other signals
SDH protocol - Multiplexing Structure
xN
STM-N
2323
x1
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
x3
TUG-3
x1
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
Pointer processing
139 264 kbit/s
(note 1)
44 736 kbit/s
34 368 kbit/s
(note 1)
x1
TUG-2
Multiplexing
TU-2
VC-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2 048 kbit/s
(note 1)
VC-11
C-11
1 544 kbit/s
(note 1)
(note 2)
x3
Aligning
Mapping
x4
C-n
Container-n
SDH mapping scheme
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InitialMultiplexing
More
Contiguous
mapping
Concatenation
x1
STM-256
x1
AUG-256
AU-4-256c
VC-4-256c
C-4-256c
AU-4-64c
VC-4-64c
C-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-16c
C-4-16c
AU-4-4c
VC-4-4c
C-4-4c
x4
x1
STM-64
x1
AUG-64
x4
x1
STM-16
x1
AUG-16
x4
x1
STM-4
x1
AUG-4
x4
x1
x1
STM-1
AUG-1
AU-4
VC-4
x3
x3
x1
STM-0
C-4
x1
TUG-3
TU-3
AU-3
C-3
VC-3
x7
x1
TUG-2
pointer processing
multiplexing
aligning
mapping
VC-3
x7
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
x4
SDH Equipment
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SDH på 5 min
SDH Equipment
Aggregate
ADM 4/1
Aggr. Interfaces: STM-1/4/(16)
Trib. interfaces: 2M, 34M, 45M, 140M,
STM-1/(4)
Tributary
Interfaces: 2M, 34M, 45M, 140M,
STM-1, (STM-4/16)
DXC
4/1
XC matrix scaleable up to
32/128/256 STM-1 equivalent, nonblocking
Aggregate
ADM 4/4
Aggr. Interfaces: STM-4/16/64
Trib. interfaces: STM-1/4/16
Tributary
REG
No access to lower order signals
Regenerator function
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ADM 4/1 STM-4 example
ADM 4/4
STM-64 example
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SDH Networks
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SDH Networks
Hierarchical example
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Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
A P1 BJSK f igure 09a
Network Structures - Pros and Cons
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Structure
Pros
Cons
Chain
Fiber effective
Simple nodes
Low start cost
Low connectivity
No redundancy
P2P upgrade costly
Ring
Fiber effective
Simple nodes
Redundancy
Low connectivity
P2P upgrade very
costly
Mesh
High connectivity
Redundancy
Cost efficient P2P
upgrade
Fiber consuming
Complex nodes
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SDH Networks - example , Routing in a hierarchical Network
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SDH Networks add on
Niveau 0
Niveau 1
Niveau 2
Niveau 3
BJSK
SDH netstruktur
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International Network
structure
SDH networks - fiber infrastructure
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SDH networks
- WDM
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SDH networks
- STM-64
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SDH networks
- STM-16
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SDH networks - VC-4
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SDH netstruktur
SDH Network node example
STM-16
lag 2 kanter (maskenet)
AC-4 TM
AC-4 TM
AC-4 TM
STM-1/4
AC-4
TM
MSH64
ADM
STM-1
STM-16
STM-1/4/16
STM-1/4
STM-1
DXC1
DXC1
STM-1
STM-64
AC-4
ADM
MSH64
ADM
STM-1
MSH-41c
MSH-41c
TM/ADM
TM/ADM
STM-1
STM-4
lag 3 kanter/strukturer
AC-4 TM
STM-16
lag 1 og 2 kanter (ringnet)
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lag 1 kanter (maskenet)
SDH network
Optical cards and application codes
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STM16:
– S16.1 (short haul, 1300 nm, 10 km)
– L16.1 (long haul, 1300 nm, 20 km)
– L16.2 (long haul, 1550 nm, 80 km)
– V16.2 (very long haul, 1550 nm, 120 km)
– U16.2 (ultra long haul, 1550 nm, 160 km)
– L16.2 colered interface til WDM rel 1.0
– L16.2 colered interface til WDM rel. 3.0
Standards
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ITU-T
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Concatenation, Protocols etc.
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Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
Equipment
Equipment
Equipment Management Function
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G.707 (10/2000)
corr 1, corr 2*, add 1*
G.7042/Y.1305 (11/2001)*
G.7041/Y.1303 (11/2001)*
G.783 (02/2001)*
G.709 (02/2001)
G.798 (11/2001)
SDH Network Management
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SDH Network Management
Network & Service Management View
Bussines Level Management
Customer acces/ applikationer
Costumer administrative systems
Service Level Management
SM funktion #1
SM funktion #2
Funktions:
• Provisionering
• Performance
• Assurance
• Alarmmanager
Network Level Management
Technical
administrative
systems (inventory)
Network Manager
Network Manager
Subnetwork
Manager
Subnetwork
Manager
Element
Manager
Element
Manager
Network
Elements
Network
Elements
Element Level Management
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En netteknologi f.eks. SDH
• planning
• modelling
• registration
SDH Network Management
Element Manager
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– Matrix: 48 ports
4/4 non-blocking,
dubleret
SDH Network Management
DCN, Data Communications Network is needed
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Site 2
Site 1
system1
System 2 server
System1
System 3
System 2 server
System 3
cat
5005
cat
5005
4700
cat
5005
cat
5005
4700
WAN
pvc
Coax
2500
Site S
pvc
Bay hub
2500
Site M
Frame Relay
cat1924
2600
Site L
vlan
SDH Network Management
Network Manager
Point and click management
6 levels
subnetwork
nesting
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Double click
NE GUI
Sub-Network
Level:
NEs Level:
Fault Management /Service Management
Filter via tree view
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SDH Services
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SDH Services
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Leased line Services (fixed dedicated bandwidth):
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2 Mbit/s, n x 2 Mbit/s
VC-12, n x VC-12
34 Mbit/s, 45 M Mbit/s
VC-3, n x VC-3
140 Mbit/s
VC-4
VC-4-4c, VC-4-16c
Grey fibres / WDM channels
add-on services
– Alternative routing, Specific routing, automatic protection,
various Service Level Agreements (SLAs)