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Transcript
Telecommunications and Networking Dr. V.T. Raja Oregon State University [email protected] Summer 2007 Outline • Introduction – Why care about telecom/networking? Why should non-IT business students learn basics about telecom/networking? • Some basics about Telecom/Networking – Analogy with effective human communication Why telecom/networking? Some Reasons Some Basic Characteristics of Effective Human Communication • Sender/Receiver • Messages (Words) • Transmission Media Air/Printed Page • Speak same language or have an Interpreter • Less noisy room (or) talk loud Some Basic Characteristics of Telecommunication Networks Wired Transmission Media • Twisted Pair Cables • Coaxial Cables (Cable TV) • Fiber Optic Cables • Wavelength Division Multiplexing Wireless Transmission • Infrared (as in a TV remote) • Radio Signals (as in microwave transmissions) • Satellites – GEOS: Geosynchronous Earth Orbiting Satellites – stationary orbit at 22,300 miles above the Earth – LEOS: Low Earth Orbiting Satellites • • • • Closer to the Earth and reachable from mobile devices 200-1,000 miles above the Earth Not stationary, goes around the Earth in about 90 minutes 60-70 LEOS are needed to cover the Earth – http://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/index.html Communication Protocols • Speak same language or have an interpreter – HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) – SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) – TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – IP (Internet Protocol) – Ethernet Communication Protocols (Continued) • Ethernet – Media Access Control (Traffic Cop – Who has access to transmission media and when? How to handle/resolve collisions?) – Error Detection/Correction – Message Delineation (Identifying beginning and ending of packets – framing) • TCP – Packetizing (Breaking messages into smaller packets and reassembling packets in the correct order) – Keeping track of packet #s Communication Protocols (Continued) • IP – Addressing (DHCP and DNS) – Routing • Tracert www.__________ • Tracert www.stfx.ca Some Internetworking Devices • Routers, hubs, switches – routers use routing rules to forward packets to the next appropriate destination – hubs forward all packets on all connected wires – switches keep track of which computer is on each line and send packets only to the desired destination Routers This is how packets find their way around the Internet A Router Router Router Router Router Router Router B Hubs vs. Switches: Switching increases performance, security, and cost A B? That’s not for me, I’ll ignore it B? So what? Nothing What’s here this? Switch Hub Oh, Good! I’m not B B Network Design How to support full connectivity? • Design the most economic internetwork between “end-user nodes” and an existing WAN Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode WAN Usernode Network Design (Continued) Find an economic internetworking solution A direct connection to a WAN backbone node Connection via multiplexers Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Usernode Some Network Design Issues Major Cost Components • A Multiplexer (MUX) consolidates network traffic from several users on slower links and connects them to a fast link (e.g. a WAN such as the Internet). • Acquisition and installation costs of a MUX • Cost of high bandwidth link between MUX and WAN (Internet) • Cost of low bandwidth link between end-user node and MUX Some Network Design Issues (Continued) • Find an optimal number of MUXs to interconnect all given user nodes to some existing WAN such that ... All user nodes are connected User communication requirements are satisfied Capacity constraints on each MUX is not violated Total internetworking costs are minimized Topology issues are considered Example 1 Example 2 Example 3