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TCP/IP
• Yang Wang
• 103301
• Professor: M.ANVARI
TCP/IP
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1: Distributed Processing
2: Communications Architecture
3: What is TCP/IP
4: TCP/IP Architecture Model
5: TCP
6: IP
7: The Operation of the TCP/IP
• 8: Conclusion
Distributed Processing
• 1: Centralized data processing: Mainframe, Host, Terminal. Only host
processes data.
• 2: Distributed data processing: LAN, Sever, Workstation. Workstation
fetches software from Sever, and processes data by itself.
• 3: The advantage of DDP include:
• 1): Responsiveness
• 2): Availability
• 3): Resource sharing
• 4): Incremental growth
• 5): Increased user involvement and control
• 6): End-user productivity
Communications Architecture
• 1: To achieve these DDP benefits, the operation system must provide a
range of support functions for DDP. These include the software for
exchanging data among workstations.
• 2: Communication Architecture is software that supports a network of
independent computer.
• 3: It is possible that each computer has its own separate and different
operation system, as long as all computers support the same
communications architecture.
• 4: The technology of the communications architecture is well
developed and is supported by all vendors. TCP/IP is the most widely
used communications architecture protocol suite.
What is TCP/IP?(con)
• 1: TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
It is a networking protocol that provides communication across
interconnected networks, between computers with diverse hardware
architectures and various operating systems.
• 2: It was developed by a Department of Defense (DOD) research
project to connect a number of different networks designed by different
venders into a network of the Internet.
• 3: The most important TCP/IP services are:
• 1): File transfer. The file transfer protocol (FTP) allows a user on any
computer to get files from another computer, or to send files to another
computer.
What is TCP/IP?(2)
• 2): Electronic mail. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to send
electronic mail on a TCP/IP network. This allows you to send
messages to users on other computers.
• 3): Remote login. The Network Terminal Protocol (TELNET) allows a
user to log in on any other computer on the network.
• 4: Why is the TCP/IP popular?
• 1): Robust client-server framework. It is an excellent client-server
application platform, especially in wide-area network environment.
• 2): Information sharing. Thousands of academic, defense, scientific,
and commercial organizations share data, electronic mail and services
on the connected Internet using TCP/IP.
What is TCP/IP?(3)
• 3): General availability. Implementations of TCP/IP are available on
nearly every popular computer operating system.Additionally, bridge,
router and network analyzer vendors all offer support for the TCP/IP
protocol family within their products.
TCP/IP Architecture Model
• 1: Application layer. This layer contains the logic need to support the
various user applications.
• 2: Transport layer or Host-to-host layer. This layer handles all error
detection and recovery. Reliability control is concentrated at this layer
by Using checksums, acknowledgments, and time-outs.
• 3: Internet layer. The IP is used at this layer to provide the routing
function across multiple networks.
• 4: Subnet layer. Covers the physical interface and the exchange of data
between an end system and the network to which it is attached.
TCP(con)
• 1: Definition
• 1): TCP is a transport layer, connection-oriented, end-to-end protocol.
It provides reliable, sequenced, and unduplicated delivery of bytes to a
remote or local user.
• a): Connection-oriented implies that TCP first establishes a connection
between the two systems that intend to exchange data.
• b): End-to-end means data transmission between the source system and
the destination system.
• 2): Datagram: A transmission method in which sections of a message
are transmitted in scattered order and the correct order is re-established
by the receiving workstation. TCP/IP supports Datagram. So no two
communicating computers monopolize the network.
TCP(2)
• 2: How TCP works?
• 1): Sequence number
• a): when an application sends a message to TCP for transmission, TCP
breaks the message into packets, and sized appropriately for the
network.
• b): TCP marks these packets with sequence numbers before sending
them.
• c): The sequence numbers allow the receiving system to properly
reassemble the original message.
TCP(3)
• 2): Checksum
• a): Being able to reassemble the original message is not enough, the
accuracy of the data must also be verified. TCP does this by computing
a checksum.
• b): A checksum is a simple mathematical computation applied, by the
sender, to the data contained in the TCP packet.
• c): The recipient then does the same calculation on the received data
and compares the result with the checksum that the sender computed.
• d): If the results match, the recipient sends an acknowledgment (ACK).
If the results do not match, the recipient asks the sender to resend the
packet.
TCP(4)
• 3): The port ID: TCP uses port ID to specify which application
running on the system is sending or receiving data.
• 4): The TCP header:
• a):The port ID, sequence number, and checksum are inserted into the
TCP packet in a special section called the header.
• b): The header is at the beginning of the packet containing this and
other “control” information for TCP.
IP(con)
• 1: Definition
• IP is the messenger protocol of TCP/IP. The IP protocol, much simpler
than TCP, basically addresses and sends packets
• 2: How IP works?
• 1): IP relies on three pieces of information, which you provide, to
receive and deliver packets successfully: IP address, subnet mask, and
default gateway..
IP(2)
• 2): IP address
• a): The IP address identifies your system on the TCP/IP network.
• b): IP addresses are 32-bit addresses that are globally unique on a
network
• c): They are generally represented in dotted decimal notation, which
separates the four bytes of the address with periods. An IP address
looks like this: 102.54.94.97
• d): Although an IP address is a single value, it really contains two
pieces of information: your system’s network ID and your system’s
host ID.
IP(3)
• 3): the subnet mask
• a): It also represented in dotted decimal notation, is used to extract the
network ID and host ID from your IP address.
• b): the value of the subnet mask is determined by setting the network
ID bits of the IP address to ones and the host ID bits to zeros.
• c): It allows TCP/IP to determine the host ID and network ID of the
workstation.
• d): example: when the IP address is 102.54.94.97 ( specified by the
user ) and the subnet mask is 255.255.0.0 (specified by the user ) The
network ID is 102.54 ( IP address and subnet mask ) and the host ID is
94.97 ( IP address and subnet mask )
The Operation of the TCP/IP
• 1: The sending process generates a block of data and passes this to the
TCP layer.
• 2: TCP may break this block into packets and append the TCP header,
then hands each packet over to the IP layer.
• 3: IP appends an IP header to each packet then presents it to the subnet
layer.
• 4: the subnet layer appends its own header to each packet, then sends it
to the receiver across the sub-networks.
• 5: when recipient receives data, the reverse process occurs. At each
layer , the corresponding header is removed, until the original user data
are delivered to the destination process.
conclusion
• 1: TCP/IP is the most complete and accepted networking
protocol available
• 2: Almost all modern operating systems offer TCP/IP
support, and most large networks rely on TCP/IP for all
their network traffic.