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Connections: Middleware and Network Kittiphan Techakittiroj [email protected] Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Introduction • Clients: need services • Servers: serve the need • Middleware: Connection between Clients & Servers – software: standard, protocol, commercial software – hardware: physical connection, router, gateway Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Configuration of Client/Server • tiny shops or individual • small shops or departments • intergalactic enterprises • post scarcity world Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Configuration of Client/Server Tiny Shops or Individual • Both client and server are on the same machine • Powerful machine: usually the case of current available machine • Robust Operating System Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Configuration of Client/Server Small Shops or Deparments • one server/many clients: all clients access one server • Popular architecture of local area networks • Easy for administration – Known clients -> customized for specific needs – Administrator has full control over server Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Configuration of Client/Server Intergalactic Enterprises • many servers/one client: client designed to access many servers • Current of Internet/Intranet Application Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Configuration of Client/Server Intergalactic Enterprises (cont.) • Expandable, Flexible, Fault Tolerance • Require a good middleware: e.g. security, bandwidth Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Configuration of Client/Server Post-Scarcity World • Distributed systems: each individual machine acts as both client and server • Require powerful resources Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Configuration of Client/Server Real World • Combination of all – LAN with Internet • Need to consider the advantage, disadvantage • Other arrangement is possible: depends on definition – number of clients or servers – geographical boundary Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Inside Middleware • Client Building Block • Server Building Block • Middleware Building Block Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Inside the Middleware Client Building Block • Usually built-in OS • Graphical User Interface (GUI) • Object Oriented User Interface (OOUI) • Web Browser • Distributed System Management (DSM) • etc. Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Inside the Middleware Server Building Block • SQL Database Servers • TP Monitors • Groupware Servers • Object Servers • Web Server • DSM Component • etc. Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Inside the Middleware Middleware Building Block • Transport Stack • Network Operating Systems (NOS) • DSM • Service Specific Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Server-to-Server Middleware • For n-tier system • Might be future trend of network application Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Network Connection • Size of Network – Local Area Network (LAN) – Wide Area Network (WAN) • Standard Protocol: TCP/IP, NetBIOS, IPX/SPX, AppleTalk • Layer Concept: ISO Layer, Internet Protocol Suite Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Network Topology • The way of connect computers together • WAN will be irregular (f) Computer Networks by Andrew S. Tanenbaum Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Network Connection Layer Concept • Split to small functionality connect to each other • Easy to implement, maintenance Internet & Intranet Engineering by Daniel Minoli Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Network Connection: Layer Concept Internet Suite (TCP/IP protocol) • Link Layer: interconnection (hardware & software) • Network Layer: networking computers • Transport Layer: delivery service • Application Layer: Telnet, FTP, SMTP Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Network Connection: Layer Concept Connection Type • Connection-Oriented Service: connection need to be established first • Connectionless Service Computer Networks by Andrew S. Tanenbaum Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Network Connection: Layer Concept Specification & Header • Each difference layer contains specification • Physical Layer: signal specification • Other Layers: header containing information Computer Networks by Andrew S. Tanenbaum Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Network Connection Interconnecting Devices • Hubs • Bridges • IP Switches • Routers • Gateways Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Network Connection: Interconnecting Devices Hubs, Switches, Birdges, Routers • Definition changing with time • Intelligence …: make difference disappered Internet & Intranet Engineering by Daniel Minoli Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Transport Stacks Middleware • Logical Network Driver • Stack Sandwich • Protocol Matchmakers (optional) • TransportIndependent APIs Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Bandwidth • Cover: Signal, Medium, Data • Absolute Bandwidth: the width of the frequency spectrum of the signal • Effective Bandwidth: less than 3dB power drop • Commonly used as the amount of bits that can be transferred within one unit time (bitrate) Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Bandwidth How much bandwidth is enough? • Depend on Application and Taste Bandwidth Audio CD Quality Digital Phone Quality Video Minimum Quality TV Quality (uncompressed) TV Quality (compression) Data Requirements Remark 706 kbit/s 16 bit, 44.1 ks/s 64 kbit/s 8 bit, 8 ks/s 566 kbit/s 1024x768, 30 fps, 24 bits 96 Mbit/s 6 Mbit/s depends Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Bandwidth Bandwidth Available • Depend on Location & Media & Cost Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Bandwidth: Bandwidth Available Bandwidth for LAN • Depend on Location & Media & Cost Speed Deployment Ethernet 10 Mbit/s Widespread Token Ring 4/16 Mbit/s Flat market Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s Growing very rapidly FDDI 100 Mbit/s Declining marketshare Gigabit Ethernet 1 Gbit/s Growing rapidly ATM 25 Mbit/s - Declining marketshare 2.4 Gbit/s as a LAN replacement Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Bandwidth: Bandwidth Available Bandwidth for WAN • Depend on Location & Media & Cost Physical Interconnect Technology Speed Speed T1 (DS1) 1.54 Mbit/s OC-3 155.52 Mbit/s E1 2.04 Mbit/s OC-12 622.08 Mbit/s E2 8.44 Mbit/s OC-24 1.244 Gbit/s E3 34.36 Mbit/s OC-48 2.488 Gbit/s T3 (DS3) 44.73 Mbit/s OC-96 4.976 Gbit/s OC-1 51.84 Mbit/s OC-192 10 Gbit/s OC-2 103.68 Mbit/s OC-768 40 Gbit/s Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Bandwidth: Bandwidth Available Bandwidth for WAN cont. • Technology on top of Cable/Physical Technology Packet-Switching Max. App. Packet Size Speed Frame Relay 45 Mbit/s Data Variable length (T3/E3) Voice 4096 bytes max. SMDS 45 Mbit/s Data Variable length (T3) 9188 bytes max. ATM 2.4 Gbit/s Data 53 byte cells (OC-48) Voice Video Deployment Wide Limted and declining Limited but growing Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Bandwidth: Bandwidth Available Bandwidth from Home to WAN Speed V.34 V.90 ISDN BRI ISDN PRI T1 HDSL ADSL Cable Modem B-ISDN (ATM/Sonet) 28.8 kbit/s 56 kbit/s down, 33.6 kbit/s up 128 kbit/s 1.544 Mbit/s 1.544 Mbit/s up to 1.5 Mbit/s up to 6 Mbit/s down, 640 kbit/s up up to 10 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s and more Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17 Reference Books Client/server survival guide 3rd edition by Robert Orfali, Dan Harkey, Jeri Edwards (John Wiley & Sons: 1999) Computer Networks 3rd edition by Andrew S. Tanenbaum (Prentice Hall: 1996) Internet & Intranet Engineering by Daniel Minoli (McGraw Hill: 1997) Kittiphan Techakittiroj (25/05/60 11:17