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Chapter Six
Networking
Hardware
Agenda
Questions about Ch. 11
Midterm Exam
Ch.6
Cable kit
Hubs
Multiport repeater containing multiple ports
to interconnect multiple devices
Bridges
Like a repeater,
a bridge has a
single input and
single output port
Unlike a
repeater, it can
interpret the data
it retransmits
Bridges
Filtering database


Collection of data created and used by a bridge that
correlates the MAC addresses of connected
workstations with their locations
Also known as a forwarding table
Bridges
Spanning tree algorithm

Routine that can detect circular traffic patterns and
modify the way multiple bridges work together, in
order to avoid such patterns
Transparent bridging

Method used on many Ethernet networks
Switches
Subdivide a network into
smaller logical pieces
Create multiple, smaller
collision domains
In a half duplex switched
network there are only two
devices in each collision
domain.
In a full-duplex switched
environment there is only 1
device in each collision
domain (0 % chance of
collision)
Cut-Through Mode and
Store and Forward Mode
Cut-through mode


Switching mode in which switch reads a
frame’s header and decides where to
forward the data before it receives the entire
packet
Cut-through switches can detect runts, or
packet fragments
Store and forward mode

Switching mode in which switch reads the
entire data frame into its memory and
checks it for accuracy before transmitting
the information
Using Switches to Create
VLANs
Virtual local area networks (VLANs)

Network within a network that is logically
defined by grouping its devices’ switch ports
in the same broadcast domain
Broadcast domain

Combination of ports that make up a Layer 2
segment and must be connected by a Layer 3
device
Using Switches to Create
VLANs
Higher-Layer Switches
Switch capable of interpreting Layer 3 data is
called a Layer 3 switch
Switch capable of interpreting Layer 4 data is
called a Layer 4 switch
These higher-layer switches may also be
called routing switches or application
switches
Routers
Multiport connectivity device
Can integrate LANs and WANs running at
different transmission speeds and using a
variety of protocols
Routers operate at the Network layer
(Layer 3) of the OSI Model
Agenda
Packet Tracer Exercise and Project
Questions
Routers and Routing protocols
Routing LAB
Remember to Bring the cable kit next
week
Router Features and Functions
Modular router

Router with
multiple slots
that can hold
different
interface cards
or other
devices
Router Features and Functions
Filter out broadcast transmission to
alleviate network congestion
Prevent certain types of traffic from
getting to a network
Support simultaneous local and
remote activity
Router Features and Functions
Static routing

Technique in which a network administrator programs
a router to use a specified paths between nodes
Dynamic routing

Automatically calculates best path between nodes
and accumulates this information in a routing table
Hop

Term used in networking to describe each trip data
take from one connectivity device to another
Router Features and Functions
Routing Protocols
To determine the best path, routers
communicate with each other through routing
protocols
In addition to its ability to find the best path, a
routing protocol can be characterized according
to its convergence time and bandwidth overhead

Convergence time
The time it takes for a router to recognize a best path in the
event of a change or outage

Bandwidth overhead
Burden placed on an underlying network to support the
routing protocol
Routing Protocols
The four most common routing protocols:




RIP (Routing Information Protocol) for IP and
IPX
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) for IP
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol) for IP, IPX, and AppleTalk
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) for IP
Gateways
Combination of networking hardware and
software that connects two dissimilar kinds of
networks
Popular types of gateways include:




E-mail gateways
IBM host gateways
Internet gateways
LAN gateways