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Mobility Management and QoS Provisioning in Wireless Networks 羅壽之 [email protected] 國立東華大學 資訊工程學系 2/23/2006 Outline Wireless Technology Trends Mobility Management QoS Provisioning Existent Mechanisms Proposed Solutions Performance Analysis Conclusions 2 Wireless Technology Trends Mobile Cellular Networks e.g., GSM, GPRS, 3G Wireless Communication Networks e.g., IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth 3 Wireless Communication Networks Wireless Wide Area Network WWAN <15 km 802.20 (proposed) Wireless Metropolitan Area Network WMAN <5 km 70 Mbit/s 802.16a/e Wireless Local Area Network WLAN <100 m 11-54 Mbit/s 802.11a/b, e, g Wireless Personal Area Network WPAN <10 m ~1 Mbit/s 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 802.15.3 (UWB) 802.15.4 (ZigBee) 4 CT0/1 AMPS NMT CT2 IMT-FT DECT IS-136 TDMA D-AMPS TDMA FDMA Mobile Cellular Networks GSM PDC EDGE GPRS IMT-SC IS-136HS UWC-136 IMT-DS UTRA FDD / W-CDMA CDMA IMT-TC UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA IMT-TC TD-SCDMA 1G IS-95 cdmaOne cdma2000 1X 2G 2.5G IMT-MC cdma2000 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV (3X) 3G 5 Peak Data Rate 802.20 Mobility Mobile (Vehicular) Pedestrian (Nomadic) Fixed (Stationary) 3G 2G/2.5G (IMT-2000) WCDMA, cdma2000 Cellular 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 0.1 802.16e 802.16a (WiMAX) HSDPA 802.11 (WLAN) 1.0 3.1 802.15.3a (UWB) 10 Peak Data Rate per User (Mbits/second) 100 6 Spectrum Allocation WCDMA 2.1 TD-SCDMA 2.1 GSM 900 CDMA 1.7 CDMA 800 GSM 1.8 CDMA 450 1GHz cdma2000® 450, 800, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1 802.15.1 Bluetooth 2.4 CDMA 1.9 802.11 b, g Wi-Fi 2.4 2GHz 802.15.3a UWB 3.1-10.6 5GHz 802.16a, e 802.16a, e WiMAX WiMAX 5.8 2-11 Licensed & Unlicensed 802.16 LMDS 28-29 802.11 a, e Wi-Fi 5.0 11GHz 29GHz Licensed Unlicensed 7 Related Standards WPAN 8 Related Standards WLAN 9 Related Standards WMAN 10 Related Standards 3G Cellular Networks 3GPP Release 99 (frozen in March 2000) Release 4 (frozen in March 2001) Release 5 (frozen in June 2002) Release 6 (frozen in March 2004?) 3GPP2 cdma2000 1x and 3x 11 Heterogeneous Networks WLAN MANET Internet 2G/2.5G/3G 12 Overlay Networks regional Vertical handoff metropolitan area campus-based in-house Horizontal handoff 13 Mobility Management Location Management The procedure of updating and finding the current network attachment (e.g., base station (BS), subnet) of a mobile node (MN) Enable an MN to be reached at any time Handoff Management The procedure of changing the network attachment of an MN Keep the network connectivity of an MN 14 Type of Location Management Mobile Cellular Networks Hierarchical location servers HLR (Home Location Register)/VLR (Visitor Location Register) Wireless Communication Networks Mobile IP SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) 15 Location Management Design Performance Metrics Registration time (for updating) Registration cost (control overhead) Call setup time (for finding) Robustness again server failures … 16 Location Management Design Concerned Issues Easy installation and maintenance Security / privacy Less modification effort … 17 Type of Handoff Soft Handoff An MN can communicate with both the old and the new BSs Hard Handoff An MN can only communicate with the old or the new BS 18 Type of Handoff Seamless Handoff Neither the user nor running applications notice the handoff Smooth Handoff Buffering of traffic to an MN during the handoff Fast Handoff Short interruption time between disconnection at the old BS and connection to the new BS 19 Type of Handoff Vertical Handoff The new cell is larger than the current cell (i.e., micro cell to macro cell) or vice versa Horizontal Handoff The new cell is similar to the current cell (i.e., micro cell to micro cell) 20 Handoff Mechanism Design Handoff Criteria Received Signal Strength (RSS) Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Bit Error Rate (BER) Data rate … Performance Metrics Handoff call dropping probability Handoff time … 21 Handoff Mechanism Design Concerned Issues Who makes the Handoff Decision? Base station (BS) Mobile node (MN) or both When to make the Handoff Decision? Avoid ping-pong effect 22 QoS Provisioning Internet (Core Network) IntServ and DiffServ Traffic engineering Mobile Cellular Networks UMTS QoS Architecture(3G TS 23.107) Wireless Communication Networks QoS MAC protocol QoS routing protocol 23 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Reserve the resource on the routers/hosts along the data path Per-flow and soft-state maintenance Reservation delay due to node movement!! PATH sender RESV receiver moving? 24 Hierarchical Location Servers Two-tier (HLR/VLR) management architecture HLR VLR1 MSC1 LA1 VLR2 MSC2 LA2 25 Mobile IP Home Agent (HA), Foreign Agent (FA) Permanent Address, Care of Address (CoA) packet delivery CN Home Network CoA IP Tunneling HA Foreign Network Foreign Network FA CoA FA registration MN moving 26 SIP SIP User Agents (Client and Server) 27 Comparisons HLR/VLR SS7 signaling protocol Terminal mobility Mobile IP Mobility support at the IP layer (TCP, UDP) Terminal mobility Internet, 3GPP2 SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) Mobility support at the application layer (UDP) Personal mobility Future trend 28 Common Problems Triangular routing (particularly for Mobile IP) Long distant and frequent registration updates Handoff latency and packet loss Long call setup time Fault Tolerance (Single point of failure) Load balancing Resource reservation 29 Proposed Solutions For Frequent Registrations Regional registration Gateway FA, GFA HA GFA FA MN GFA FA FA FA 30 Proposed Solutions For Handoff Latency Forwarding chain Area/movement-based HA GFA FA MN GFA FA FA FA 31 Proposed Solutions For Packet Loss Multicasting and packet buffering Movement prediction nFA nFA FA nFA nFA L2 trigger MN 32 Proposed Solutions For Call Setup Time Local lookup Data replication HA master master GFA GFA GFA GFA GFA GFA GFA 33 Proposed Solutions For Triangular Routing Query before packet delivery e.g. Domain Name Server, DNS query DNS system or other systems registration update GFA FA MN CN packet delivery Redirection support!! 34 Proposed Solutions For Fault Tolerance and Load Balancing Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network query P2P (set of HAs) registration update GFA FA MN CN packet delivery 35 Proposed Solutions For Resource Reservation RSVP aggregation (RFC 3175) GFA pre-configured shared resource Anchored FA nFA nFA FA FA nFA nFA 36 P2P-Based Management P2P Networks (CAN, Chord, Pastry, Tapestry) Advantages: MIP SIP Home Agents ENUM Email … Location Registrars Self-organization Scalability, Load Balancing, Fault Tolerance 37 Permanent HA (hash function) P2P network HA1 HA3 HA2 HA5 HA4 GFA2 GFA1 moving GFA3 domain 2 domain 1 MN Temporary HA (neighborhood) MN moving domain 3 MN 38 Registration Flow new FA MN Subnet Re g new GFA tHA pHA _ R e q u e st Reply Subnet Reg_ Domain Reg_Request Domain Reg_Re ply Home Reg_Request Redirect_Request Against node fails by t_Reply Redirec soft-state binding renewals Reply Home Reg_ 39 Packet Delivery Flow (Without Cache) CN iHA Ca q u e ry l l _bind ing pHA query_bind ing tHA GFA FA MN query_bind ing Return query_binding Send pack e ts Send packets Send packets 40 Packet Delivery Flow (With Cache) CN pHA Call a cce ss _ binding tHA GFA FA MN access_bi nding Return access_bindin g Send packets Send packets Send packets 41 Qualitative Comparison Standard Region_based DNS_based P2P_based+ Region_base Triangular Routing Frequent Registration Single-Point of Failure Load Balancing Update Locality 42 Performance Analysis Parameter Settings Bandwidth/latency of the wired/wireless links, .. Size of control messages Movement pattern iHA/tHA Hop distance 1 1 … 1 1 2 CN/MN FA GFA DNS/HA 2 2 2 FA GFA HA 43 Total Registration Cost Total Registration Cost 140 250 Standard Region DNS P2P Hop count 150 120 100 100 80 Standard Region DNS P2P 60 40 50 20 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0% 14 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Percentage of crossing regions (r ) Number of movements (m ) Connection Setup + n *Packet Delivery 800 Standard Region DNS P2P (h=0.8) P2P (h=0.4) 700 600 Hop count Hop count 200 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Number of delivered packets (n ) 80 90 44 80% 45 Conclusions Next-generation wireless network would be heterogeneous one GPRS/3G, WLAN, Bluetooth, MANET Integration of heterogeneous networks is a challenging work especially for the managements Mobility and QoS We provide a solution which is efficient and robust 46 Selected Papers S .C. Lo, "Mobility Management Using P2P Techniques in Wireless Networks," accepted and to appear in Journal of Information Science and Engineering, 2005. (SCI) S. C. Lo and W. T. Chen, "Peer-to-Peer Based Architecture for Mobility Management in Wireless Networks," 6th IFIP IEEE International Conference on Mobile and Wireless Communication Networks, October 2004. S. C. Lo, G. Lee, W. T. Chen, and Jen-Chi Liu, "Architecture for QoS and Mobility Support in IP-Based Wireless Networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 691-705, May 2004. (SCI,EI) S. C. Lo and A.L.P. Chen, "Adaptive Region-Based Location Management for PCS Systems," IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 667-676, July 2002. (SCI,EI) 47 Thanks!! 48