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Storage Area Network Chapter 6 ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 1 Chapter Objective Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: • Describe SAN and its benefits • Discuss components of SAN • Describe connectivity options of SAN • Describe FC protocol stack and FC addressing • List common FC topologies ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 2 Lesson: Fibre Channel SAN Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to: • Define Storage Area Network and its benefits • Define Fibre Channel • List the component of SAN • Describe three FC interconnectivity options • List different FC port types ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 3 Business Needs and Technology Challenges • Just-in-time information to business users • Integration of information infrastructure with business processes • Flexible and resilient storage architecture • DAS is inefficient to meet these challenges – Storage Networking emerged as a solution • FC SAN • NAS • IP SAN ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 4 What is a SAN ? Servers • Dedicated high speed network of servers and shared storage devices • Provide block level data access • Resource Consolidation – Centralized storage and management FC SAN • Scalability – Theoretical limit: Appx. 15 million devices • Secure Access Storage Array Storage Array ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT Understanding Fibre Channel • Fibre Channel is a high-speed network technology uses: – Optical fiber cables (for front end connectivity) – Serial copper cables (for back end connectivity) • Latest FC implementations support 8Gb/s Servers are attached to 2 distinct networks – Back-end – Front-end IP network Clients Application Servers ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT FC SAN Storage Arrays 6 FC SAN Evolution Servers Servers Server FC Switch FC Switch FC Switch FC Hub FC Switch FC Hub FC Switch FC Switch Storage Array SAN Islands FC Arbitrated Loop Storage Arrays Interconnected SANs FC Switched Fabric Fibre Channel SAN Evolution ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT FC Switch Storage Arrays Enterprise SANs FC Switched Fabric 7 Components of SAN: Node ports • Examples of nodes – Hosts, storage and tape library • Ports are available on: – HBA in host – Front-end adapters in storage – Each port has transmit (Tx) link and receive (Rx) link • HBAs perform low-level interface functions automatically to minimize impact on host performance Node Port 0 Port 0 Port 1 Port n ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT Tx Rx Link Components of SAN: Cabling • SAN implementation uses: – Copper cables for short distance – Optical fiber cables for long distance • Two types of optical cables – Single-mode • Can carry single beams of light • Distance up to 10 KM – Multi-mode • Can carry multiple beams of light simultaneously • Distance up to 500 meters ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT Components of SAN: Cabling (Connectors) Node Connectors: • • SC Duplex Connectors(1 Gb/sec) LC Duplex Connectors(up to 4Gb/sec) Patch panel Connectors • ST Simplex Connectors(used with fibre channel patch panels) Standard Connector Lucent Connector Straight Tip Connector ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT • Components of SAN: Interconnecting devices Basis for SAN communication – Hubs(communication device in FC-AL, share bandwidth, single communication) – Switches ( no sharing of bandwidth , expensive, high performance, use 24 bit addressing to support 15 million devices)and – Directors(similar to switches, with higher port count, and fault tolerance capabilities) HUB Switch Director ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT Links, ports and topologies • The Fibre Channel standard defines three different topologies: fabric, arbitrated loop and point-to-point. • Point-to-point defines a bi-directional connection between two devices. • Arbitrated loop defines a unidirectional ring in which only two devices can ever exchange data with one another at any one time. • Fabric defines a network in which several devices can exchange data simultaneously at full bandwidth. (There are three major Fibre Channel topologies, describing how a number of ports are connected together. A port in Fibre Channel terminology is any entity that actively communicates over the network, not necessarily a hardware port. This port is usually implemented in a device such as disk storage, an HBA on a server or a Fibre Channel switch) Chap3: DSMR, MEIT: Madhu N 12 Fig 3.9 The fabric topology is the most flexible and scalable Fibre Channel topology Chap3: DSMR, MEIT: Madhu N 13 Arbitrated loop • The links of the arbitrated loop topology are unidirectional. • Each output channel is connected to the input channel of the next port until the circle is closed. • The cabling of an arbitrated loop can be simplified with the aid of a hub. • End devices are bi-directionally connected to the hub; the wiring within the hub ensures that the unidirectional data flow within the arbitrated loop is maintained. Chap3: DSMR, MEIT: Madhu N 14 • all topologies with devices like servers, storage devices and switches must be equipped with one or more Fibre Channel ports. • In servers, the port is generally realized by means of so-called host bus adapters (HBAs, for example, PCI cards) that are also fitted in the server. Chap3: DSMR, MEIT: Madhu N 15 ports • A port always consists of two channels, one input and one output channel. • The connection between two ports is called a link. • In the point-to-point topology and in the fabric topology the links are always bi-directional. • In this case( fabric topology) the input channel and the output channel of the two ports involved in the link are connected together by a cross, so that every output channel is connected to an input channel. Chap3: DSMR, MEIT: Madhu N 16 Components of SAN: Storage array • Provides storage consolidation and centralization • Features of an array – – – – High Availability/Redundancy Performance Business Continuity Multiple host connect HBA Arrays HBA FC SAN HBA Servers ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT Components of SAN: SAN management software • A suite of tools used in a SAN to manage the interface between host and storage arrays • Provides integrated management of SAN environment • Web based GUI or CLI ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT SAN Interconnectivity Options: Point to Point Point to point (Pt-to-Pt) – Direct connection between devices – Limited connectivity Storage Array Servers ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 19 SAN Interconnectivity Options: FC-AL • Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) – Devices must arbitrate to gain control – Devices are connected via hubs – Supports up to 127 devices FC Hub Storage Array Servers ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 20 FC-AL Transmission Node A NL_Port NL_Port #1 #1 HBA Node D Transmit Hub_Pt Hub_Pt Byp Byp Receive HBA HBA Byp Byp Receive Transmit Node B NL_Port #4 NL_Port #4 HBA Array Port NL_Port NL_Port #2 #2 HBA Node C Transmit Receive Receive Byp Byp Byp Byp Hub_Pt Hub_Pt ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT NL_Port #3 NL_Port #3 FA HBA Transmit 21 SAN Interconnectivity Options: FC-SW • Fabric connect (FC-SW) – Dedicated bandwidth between devices – Support up to 15 million devices – Higher availability than hubs Storage Array Servers ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 22 FC-SW Transmission Node A NL_Port #1 N_Port #1 HBA Node D Transmit Port Port Receive Storage Port HBA Receive Transmit Node B NL_Port #4 N_Port #4 HBA N_Port #2 NL_Port #2 HBA Node C Transmit Receive Receive Transmit HBA Port Port ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT N_Port #3 Storage Port 23 Port Types Host ?NL-Port ? NL-Port Tape Library Host ?NL-Port Host ? FC Hub N-Port F-Port FC Switch ? ? ? ? ? F-Port FL-Port E-Port FC Switch ? ? E-Port F-Port N-Port N-Port Storage Array ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT ? Storage Array 24 Inter Switch Links (ISL) • ISL connects two or more FC switches to each other using E-Ports • ISLs are used to transfer host-to-storage data as well as the fabric management traffic from one switch to another • ISL is also one of the scaling mechanisms in SAN connectivityMultimode Fiber FC Switch 1Gb=500m 2Gb=300m FC Switch Single-mode Fiber FC Switch up to10 km ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT FC Switch 25 Login Types in a Switched Network Extended Link Services that are defined in the standards: • FLOGI - Fabric login – Between N_Port to F_Port • PLOGI - Port login – Between N_Port to N_Port – N_Port establishes a session with another N_Port • PRLI - Process login – Between N_Port to N_Port – To share information about the upper layer protocol type in use – And recognizing device as the SCSI initiator, or target ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 26 Lesson Summary Key topics covered in this lesson: • FC SAN and its components • SAN Interconnectivity Options • Port types and inter switch links ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 27 Lesson: Fibre Channel Architecture Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to: • Describe layers of FC • Describe FC protocol stack • Discuss FC addressing • Define WWN addressing • Discuss structure and organization of FC Data ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 28 FC Architecture Overview • FC uses channel technology • Provide high performance with low protocol overheads • FCP is SCSI-3 over FC network – Sustained transmission bandwidth over long distances – Provides speeds up to 8 Gb/s (8 GFC) • FCP has five layers: – – – – FC-4 FC-2 FC-1 FC-0 Application FC-4 SCSI HIPPI ESCON ATM FC-2 Framing/Flow Control FC-1 Encode/Decode *FC-3 is not yet implemented FC-0 1 Gb/s ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 2 Gb/s 4 Gb/s IP 8 Gb/s 29 Fibre Channel Protocol Stack FC layer FC-4 Function FC-1 Mapping interface Common services Routing, flow control Encode/decode FC-0 Physical layer FC-3 FC-2 SAN relevant features specified by FC layer Mapping upper layer protocol (e.g. SCSI-3 to FC transport Not implemented Frame structure, ports, FC addressing, buffer credits 8b/10b encoding, bit and frame synchronization Media, cables, connector ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT Fibre Channel Addressing • FC Address is assigned during Fabric Login – Used to communicate between nodes within SAN – Similar in functionality to an IP address on NICs • Address Format: – 24 bit address, dynamically assigned – Contents of the three bytes depend on the type of N-Port – For an N_Port or a public NL_Port: • switch maintains mapping of WWN to FC-Address via the Name Server ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 31 World Wide Names • Unique 64 bit identifier • Static to the port – Used to physically identify ports or nodes within SAN – Similar to NIC’s MAC address World Wide Name - Array 5 0 0 6 0 1 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 B 2 0101 0000 0000 0110 0000 0001 0110 0000 0000 0000 0110 0000 0000 0001 1011 0010 c 4 0 Company ID 24 bits Port Model Seed 32 bits World Wide Name - HBA 1 0 0 Reserved 12 bits 0 0 0 0 0 c 9 Company ID 24 bits ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 2 0 d Company Specific 24 bits 32 Structure and Organization of FC Data • FC data is organized as: – Exchange operations • Enables two N_ports to identify and manage a set of information units • Maps to sequence – Sequence • Contiguous set of frames sent from one port to another – Frames • Fundamental unit of data transfer • Each frame can contain up to 2112 bytes of payload SOF 4 Bytes Frame Header 24 Bytes Data Field 0 - 2112 Bytes CRC 4 Bytes EOF 4 Bytes ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT Lesson Summary Key topics covered in this lesson: • Fibre Channel Protocol Stack • Fibre Channel Addressing • Data Organization: Frame, Sequence and Exchange ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 34 Lesson: FC Topologies and Management Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to: • Define FC fabric topologies • Describe different types of zoning ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 35 Fabric Topology: Core-Edge Fabric • Can be two or three tiers Edge Tier FC Switch – Single Core Tier – One or two Edge Tiers • • FC Switch FC Switch In a two tier topology, storage is usually connected to the Core Benefits – High Availability – Medium Scalability – Medium to maximum Connectivity Server Director Core Tier Single-core topology Storage Array Edge Tier FC Switch Core Tier Director FC Switch FC Switch Director Server ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT Dual-core topology Storage Array 36 Fabric Topology: Mesh • Can be either partial or full mesh • All switches are connected to each other • Host and Storage can be located anywhere in the fabric • Host and Storage can be localized to a single switch FC Switches Server Partial Mesh FC Switches Server ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT Storage Array Full Mesh Storage Array 37 Fabric Management: Zoning FC SAN Array port Servers Storage Array HBA ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 38 Zoning Components Zone sets Zone set (Library) Zone (Library) Member WWN's Zone Member Zone Member Member Member ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT Zone Member Member 39 Types of Zoning Switch Domain ID = 15 Servers Port 5 Port 7 Zone 2 Port 1 Storage Array WWN 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:40 FC Switch Zone 3 Port 9 Port 12 WWN 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:56 WWN 50:06:04:82:E8:91:2B:9E Zone 1 WWN 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:82 Zone 1 (WWN Zone) = 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:82 ; 50:06:04:82:E8:91:2B:9E Zone 2 (Port Zone) = 15,5 ; 15,7 Zone 3 (Mixed Zone) = 10:00:00:00:C9:20:DC:56 ; 15,12 ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 40 Lesson Summary Key topics covered in this lesson: • FC SAN Topologies – Core-Edge – Mesh • Fabric management by zoning ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT 41 Concept in Practice – EMC Connectrix • Connectrix family consist of – Enterprise directors – Departmental switches – Multi-protocol routers MDS-9513 Director MP-7500B ISMDR5.2:BEIT:VIII:Madhu N.PIIT ED-48000B Director 42