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Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Airborne Networks TIM Why IPv6 ? Will Ivancic [email protected] 216-433-3494 Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 1 Introductions Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch • Who am I and what have I done with IPv6? • Who are you? – Have you deployed ANY IPv6 networks? – What do you know about: • Networking? • Internet Protocols (v4 or v6)? • Network Security? Informal and Interactive Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 2 Are this your interest? Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch • Questions – Why use IPv6 vs IPv4? – How mature is IPv6? – Mobile Networks and Ad Hoc Networks? • IPv6 and Network Centric Operations – What are the advantages for military networks? – What are the advantages for airborne networks? Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 3 Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Why use IPv6 vs IPv4? Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 4 IPv6 vs IPv4 Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch • Addressing – – – – – Larger Address space Autoconfiguration Link Local Addressing Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addressing (private addresses) Location Management • Potentially more secure – IPsec capability mandated – Larger address space • • • • No need for Network Address Translation (NAT) Peer-to-Peer networking Potentially better Quality of Service (QOS) Nearly everything new is IPv6 Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 5 SYZYGY Engineering Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Internet Protocol version 6 and Network Centric Operations Key Concepts Will Ivancic SYZYGY Engineering [email protected] Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 6 © 2004 Syzygy Engineering – Will Ivancic Network Design Triangle Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Maturity Policy SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch $$$ Cost $$$ Protocols Architecture Scalability Mobility Security QoS Bandwidth Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 7 © 2004 Syzygy Engineering – Will Ivancic Policy Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Just because you can do something doesn’t mean you are permitted to do something. Source: http://minhdo.bitterjerksociety.org/gallery/page_03.htm Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 8 © 2004 Syzygy Engineering – Will Ivancic IPv6 Functional Capabilities Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division • Expanded Addressing and Routing • Simplified Header Format • Extension Headers and Options – Options are placed in separate headers after the core routing information – Options do not necessarily have to be processed in core network (speed) • Authentication and Encryption Support – Required in ALL implementations of IPv6! Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch • Autoconfiguration • Source Routing Support – Ad Hoc Network – Route Optimization for Mobility • Simple and Flexible Transition – Incremental Upgrade – Incremental Deployment – Easy Addressing ( – Low Startup Costs • Quality of Service Capabilities – Real-Time Traffic – Traffic Class – Flow labels 9 © 2004 Syzygy Engineering – Will Ivancic IPv4 & IPv6 QoS Fields Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center IPv4 Header 20 bytes Version IHL Type of Service Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch IPv6 Header, 40 bytes fixed Total Length Version Identification Flags Traffic Class Fragment Offset Payload Length Time to Live Protocol SYZYGY Engineering Flow Label Next Header Hop Limit Header Checksum Source Address Source Address Destination Address Legend Options Padding field’s name kept from IPv4 to IPv6 Destination Address fields not kept in IPv6 Name & position changed in IPv6 New field in IPv6 Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 10 © 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved – Steve Pollock Currently Defined Headers (RFC2460) Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center • • The IPV4 options field was replaced by the modular extension header. There is no set limit on the number of these headers you can have. • TCP Header + Data IPv6 MH IPv6 HBH RH FH IPv6 MH AH ESP Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 DO AH Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch HopByHop, Routing Header, Fragment Header, Destination Options, Mobility Header, Authentication Header, Encrypted Security Payload. Hop-By-Hop must follow IPv6 Header, Otherwise no set order ESP TCP Header + Data UDP Header + Data 11 © 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved – Steve Pollock Addressing Architecture Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch • Unicast – Unspecified 0::0 – Loopback 0::1 – User Local Addresses • Link Local prefix 1111111010 • Site Local prefix 1111111011 Deprecated • Unique Local IPv6 Unicast prefix FC00::/7 – Analogous to IPv4 Private Address Space – provides for 2.2 trillion addresses • Anycast • Multicast Nice Explaination of Anycast for IPv4 at http://www.net.cmu.edu/pres/anycast/Deploying%20IP%20Anycast.ppt prefix 11111111 Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 12 © 2004 Syzygy Engineering – Will Ivancic Address Allocation Policy Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center /23 2001 /32 /48 SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch /64 0410 Interface ID Registry interface identifier (64 bits) ISP prefix Site prefix LAN prefix • 128-bit addresses: – 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (340 duodecillion) – Over a million addresses for every person on the planet!, – But not really due to inefficiency of address allocations • • Administered by IANA to Regional Registries: ARIN, APNIC, RIPE, LACNIC The allocation process is under reviewed by the Registries: –IANA allocates 2001::/16 to registries –Each registry gets a /23 prefix from IANA –Formerly, all ISP were getting a /35 –With the new policy, Registry allocates a /32 prefix to an IPv6 ISP –Then the ISP allocates a /48 prefix to each customer (or potentially /64) Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 13 © 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved – Steve Pollock Transition and Operations Costs Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Transition Cost Cost Difference Between IPv4 / IPv6 Operations Source: PC of Japan Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 14 SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch IPv4 Address Pool Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division Projections are based on history so all bets are off once the run-on-the-bank starts. The only sure thing that can be said is that the exhaustion event will occur before the end of this decade. Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 15 Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch IP Address Status in China Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch (unit 1 million) Total IPv4 address (unit 1) 41,456,128 1300 29,002,240 21,534,208 13,269,504 7,555,584 5,409,280 3,746,304 0 41 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Total IPv4 address Chinese Population “IPv6 is good for China and China is good for IPv6. China brings the scale needed for IPv6. IPv6 killer application will occur in China firstly" - Latif Ladid--IPv6 Forum President Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 16 Data source: CNNIC, Dec.2003 Key Technology Enablers Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch • PKI, IKE and Key and Policy Management and Applications • Zero Configuration in rapidly deployed and mobile networks – DNS, DHCP and KEY Servers Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 17 © 2004 Syzygy Engineering – Will Ivancic Peer-to-Peer Networking Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Client/Server Model Peer-to-Peer Communication • Voice, Video and Data • Issues: Typical IPv4 Peer-to-Peer Communications – Security (particularly in DoD and Corporate Networks) – Control Peer-to-Peer Service (IM, KaZa, etc) 1 2 Internet 3 • End-to-End relative to Peer-toPeer Firewall and router w/NAT Firewall and router w/NAT – End-to-End allows direct communication once peer’s address is known – Typical IPv4 with NAT requires Peer-to-Peer server and may require application software (IM, KAZA, etc) Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 SYZYGY Engineering Peer-to-Peer Server is not required Peer-to-Peer Service (IM, KaZa, etc) Internet 18 Firewall and router No NAT Firewall and router No NAT © 2004 Syzygy Engineering – Will Ivancic Flow Label Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch • Used by host to request special handling for certain packets • Unique flow is identified by source address and non-zero flow label – Expected use is per-flow end-to-end QoS • RSVP, Video, Gaming, VOIP – Without the flow label the classifier must use transport next header value and port numbers • Less efficient (need to parse the option headers) • May be impossible (due to fragmentation or IPsec ESP) • Layer violation may hinder introduction of new transport protocols • IPv6 nodes not providing flow-specific treatment MUST ignore the field when receiving or forwarding a packet • Immature Technology – Research Area The Flow Label field is useless, unless it is actually used! Airborne TIM at LMCO, © 2004Network Syzygy Engineering – WillChantilly Ivancic VA Nov 7,2007 19 Flow Label Security Considerations Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch • The IPsec protocol, as defined in [IPSec, AH, ESP], does not include the IPv6 header's Flow Label in any of its cryptographic calculations – In the case of tunnel mode, it is the outer IPv6 header's Flow Label that is not included • Modification of the Flow Label by a network node has no effect on IPsec end-to-end security – It cannot cause any IPsec integrity check to fail. – As a consequence, IPsec does not provide any defense against an adversary's modification of the Flow Label (i.e., a man-in-themiddle attack). Airborne TIM at LMCO, © 2004Network Syzygy Engineering – WillChantilly Ivancic VA Nov 7,2007 20 Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch How mature is IPv6? Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 21 Maturity Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch • IPv6 Forum has created the “IPv6 Ready” Logo Program – Phase I (Core) – Phase II • IPv6 Core Protocols (Now Available!) • IPsec (Now Available!) • MIPv6 (Now Available!) • NEMO (Now Available!) • MLD (Under Developing) • Transition (Under Developing) • IKE (Experimental) • China Olympics – China made a comprehensive national commitment to IPv6 way back in 2000 – "The Chinese are trying to build the number-one rated information infrastructure in the world, and want to announce in 2008 - at the time of the Beijing Olympics - that they are thus an economic superpower," • Cisco router in Low Earth Orbit (CLEO) Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 22 Monitoring Points Globalstar IPv4 Mobile LAN IPv6 Mobile Router IPv6 Mobile Networking Demonstration 2004 Z T-Mobile 4-to-6 Tunnel 6-to-4 (DOOR) IPv6 Mobile LAN 6-to-4 (DOOR) IPv4 Public Internet Corresponding Public Node CNS IPv6 Intranet IPv6 Network Z GRC Open Network (DMZ) IPv6 Web Server IPv6 Web Server Remote Controlled Webcam Glenn Research Center Eurocontrol IPv6 Intranet IPv6 Web Server NASA NREN IPv6 Intranet IPv6 Home Agent 6-to-4 (DOG) The Cisco router in low Earth orbit (CLEO) Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division • Put a COTS Cisco router in space • Determine if the router could withstand the effects of launch and radiation in a low Earth orbit and still operate in the way that its terrestrial counterparts did. • Ensure that the router was routing properly • Implement mobile network and demonstrate its usefulness for space-based applications. – Since the UK–DMC is an operational system, a major constraint placed on the network design was that any network changes could not impact the current operational network Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 24 Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch CLEO Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch • Thursday, 29 March 2007, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cisco Systems and Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) performed the first configuration and demonstration of IPsec and IPv6 on a satellite in low Earth orbit. • Applications / Functions – – – – Static IPv6 and IPv4 routing IPv6 over IPv4 mobile routing IPv6 over IPsec for IPv4 IPv6 Applications • Secure Shell, Telnet and Web browsing to the router. Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 25 GRC/SSTL/CLEO IPv6/IPv4 Tunnels Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch 8.1Mbps from satellite 9600bps to satellite frame relay DLCI 17 – unencrypted ‘clear’ link IPv6 in 6-over-4 tunnel in Mobile IPv4 tunnel to Home Agent Mobile IPv4 native IPv4 6-over-4 tunnel for non-mobile IP traffic native IPv6 between routers 2621 router PIX firewall Secure VPN tunnel secured IPv6 in 6-over-4 tunnel over IPv4 IPsec Cisco MAR 3251 on UK-DMC PIX firewall Internet IPv6 in 6-over-4 tunnel in Mobile IP as above, if IPsec link is preferred and used instead IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 IPsec encryption between routers frame relay DLCI 18 – encrypted link SSTL ground station LAN, carrying IPv4 and IPv6 over Ethernet NASA Glenn Home Agent IPv4 IPsec Mobile IPv4 tunnel Private 192.x addressing Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 Private 192.x addressing 26 Public addressing Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch IPv6 Live Demonstrations Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 27 Issues Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division • Site Multihoming • Poorly written applications – Written without consideration for IPv6 • Legacy Systems • Dual Stack and Security Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 28 Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch What are the advantages for military networks? Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 29 IPv6 Addressing Architecture Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch • The IPv6 addressing architecture utilizes scoped addresses, including scoped multicast addresses. – Example: IPv6 has all-routers addresses in every subnet, which allow a node to find or communicate with routers without knowing their unicast addresses ahead of time. • IP address resolution – IPv4 uses the ARP and IPv6 uses Neighbor Discover (ND) • ARP operates directly on top of the link layer • ND operates using ICMPv6, on top of IPv6, on top of the link layer. • IPv6’s ND is highly extensible through IP and ICMPv6 options which can be used for: – Security (authentication of network elements and resolution protocol messages), – Automatic prefix and interface identifier configuration – Advertisement of link MTU. Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 30 Routing Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division • IPv6 Dynamic Routing works. • IPv4 Dynamic routing DOES NOT? Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 31 Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Applications Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division • Sensorwebs • Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 32 Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Sensors Glenn Research Center • IPv6 Myths Communications Technology Division Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch – Headers are too big • Stateless header compression – Code size • IP stacks available in 3-6K range • Initial indications are MAC, AODV and IP stack under 20K – RAM • 1.5 to 2K are current estimates 6LowPan Hardware • Why IPv6 – Common Infrastructure • Hybrid networks – Larger address space – No need for configuration servers • No DHCP server – No need for NAT – Header more easily compressed • Stateless Header Compression – Header can be compressed to just 4 bytes on-net and 12 bytes off-net – Assumes network will not be a transit network Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 33 Source: Geoff Mulligan, Invensys Controls UNCLASSIFIED Global Information Grid Glenn Research Center Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 Communications Technology Division 34 SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED The “Tactical Internet” Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Military & Commercial SATCOM TOCs Radio Net “OPEN SYSTEMS” ROUTING Radio Net Radio Net ROUTERS Radio Net Tactical Internet Radio Net Radio Net OPEN INTERFACES OPEN INTERFACES Dismounted Soldiers Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 35 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Relationships between the DoD NICs, RIRs and IANA Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center SYZYGY Engineering Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch IANA LACNIC AFRNIC ARIN RIPE APNIC MIL AF /22 • • • ARMY /22 NAVY USMC Other DoD NICS (if any) /23 /23 /22 The MIL NIC has, to date, acquired four IPv6 address blocks from ARIN. – 2600:: /22, 2604:: /22, 2608:: /22, and 260C:: /22 4 /22 prefixes are not contiguous – There are 255 /22 prefixes between each allocation. – No stated policy by ARIN, but, a reasonable assumption that the unassigned 1020 /22 prefixes within the 260:: /22 prefix would be used for DoD’s future address acquisitions. Additional blocks outside of 2600::/12 may be reassigned from ARIN to DoD when this block is fully consumed Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 36 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Enclave Mapping SYZYGY Engineering Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Enclave Name Address Block per Platform Black Core /48 UNCLAS /48 SECRET /48 TOP SECRET /48 SCI /48 Allied /48 Coalition #1 /48 Coalition #2 /48 Coalition #3 /48 Coalition #4 /48 Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 37 UNCLASSIFIED Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch What are the advantages for airborne networks? This section is taken from a presentation by Terry Davis of Boeing Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 38 Glenn Research Center V6 QoS & Traffic Management Architecture Example Communications Technology Division Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch v6 systems can join multiple networks Implications: • Architecture could assign networks for specific uses • Traffic could be segregated by network – High QoS can be assigned to “a” network • Voice on one, video on one, etc. – Special comm priority networks could be created • ATC, FANS, ACARS, etc • Link capacity could be managed by “network priority” not just “packet priority” • System capability growth could be managed over time – Older less capable systems assigned to specific networks – Newer capabilities to other networks Source: Terry L Davis, Boeing Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 39 Network Partitioning by Service Architecture Example Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch QoS & Security Service Levels for: NSPs/Airlines/Framers/Suppliers/etc • Network Control • Voice over IP • High Priority Security Perimeter • Special Projects • General Purpose Security Mgt PIES Net-Mgt & Routing VOIP Many logical networks share a common physical infrastructure. Network Infra. AOC ATC PIES Data Center Source: Terry L Davis, Boeing Networks are logically partitioned. Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 40 QoS can be managed by both network & flow Glenn Research Center Security – Architecture Example Communications Technology Division Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch IP-v6 Networks could: • Require authentication to join – Have different authentications (ATC/AOC/PIES) – Have different security levels and encryption • Utilize Transponder codes – For authentication – For encryption keying Individual systems with a single interface could: • Join multiple secure networks simultaneously – With different security levels (MLS) per network – With different encryption per network – With different QoS Source: Terry L Davis, Boeing Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 41 IP-v6 Network Overlay Concept Architecture Example Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center Australian US Division NSP Europe European HomeNSP Office Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Asian AsianPartner NSP Common Application Network Common Voice Network Priority Command Network Legacy Networks Airport Networks Airline Fleet Network Concept: Enable unified communications without impacting existing legacy services Source: Terry L Davis, Boeing Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 42 Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Conceptual v6 Strategic Architecture Summary • IP-v6 could provide a seamless NSP control handoffs • Traffic segregation by network could provide better comm link mgmt and QoS than IP-v4 (+matches Domain model). • GPS based v6 addressing could potentially allow significant control and data routing improvements. • Layering of v6 networks could allow segregation of networks with similar capabilities and security levels. • Security in a v6 architecture could be "network" based. • “capability/compatibility" layers could allow change/evolution without updates of products, or fleets. Source: Terry L Davis, Boeing Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 43 Glenn Research Center Communications Technology Division Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch Conceptual v6 Aviation Strategy Full conversion is evolutionary over more than 25 years • Platforms will requires IP-v6 interoperability before end-of-life • Specific customers will require support for v6 • Timeline to implement is in years from the first start • Leverage aviation assets and expertise globally • Grow the base of v6 compatible equipment • Grow the base of v6 staff skills through industry sponsored training • Conversions are based on requirements or business case • Regulatory changes will be needed to both allow and support IP-v6 Source: Terry L Davis, Boeing Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 44 References / Useful Links Communications Technology Division Glenn Research Center • Wesley Eddy, William Ivancic, Joseph Ishac: “Analysis of IPv6 Features and Usability” Version 1.0 9/6/06 – • http://www.ipv6ready.org/logo_db/approved_list.php The Latest Approved Application List of Phase-2 – • https://disronline.disa.mil/a/DISR/docs/secure/DoD_IPv6_Transition_Plan_v2_Final.pdf IPv6 Ready Logo Phase-1 – • https://disronline.disa.mil/a/DISR/docs/secure/DoD-IPv6_Transition_Plan_v1_0_3-24-05_update1.pdf DoD_IPv6_Transition_Plan_v2_Final – • http://www.nav6tf.org/documents/nav6tf.analysis_ipv6_features_and_usability.pdf IPv6_Transition_Plan_v1_0_3-24-05 – • Satellite Networks & Architectures Branch http://www.ipv6ready.org/logo_db/approved_list_p2.php Geoff Mulligan, “IP and 802.15.4 – To V6 or not to V6” (IPv6 for Sensors) – http://roland.grc.nasa.gov/~ivancic/hidden/shared/v6%20Seminar.ppt Airborne Network TIM at LMCO, Chantilly VA Nov 7,2007 45