* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Data Link Layer
Survey
Document related concepts
Low-voltage differential signaling wikipedia , lookup
Zero-configuration networking wikipedia , lookup
Airborne Networking wikipedia , lookup
Passive optical network wikipedia , lookup
Cracking of wireless networks wikipedia , lookup
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet wikipedia , lookup
Asynchronous Transfer Mode wikipedia , lookup
Power over Ethernet wikipedia , lookup
Deep packet inspection wikipedia , lookup
Wake-on-LAN wikipedia , lookup
Computer network wikipedia , lookup
IEEE 802.1aq wikipedia , lookup
Network tap wikipedia , lookup
IEEE 802.11 wikipedia , lookup
Internet protocol suite wikipedia , lookup
Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA) wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
• Lower Layers • Local Area Network Standards • Point-to-Point Link Layer Protocols • ARP and RARP © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 1 TCP/IP Suite and OSI Reference Model • The TCP/IP protocol stack does not define the lower layers of a complete protocol stack. • In this lecture, we will review the data link layer and the MAC sublayer. • Most of the material should be familiar from EL 536. Application Layer Application Layer Transport Layer Network Layer (Data) Link Layer Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer (Data) Link Layer Physical Layer TCP/IP Suite © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) Presentation OSI Reference Model 2 Data Link Layer • The main tasks of the data link layer are: • Transfer data from the network layer of one machine to the network layer of another machine. • Convert the raw bit stream of the physical layer into groups of bits (“frames”). • Perform flow control between sender and receiver. Network Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 3 Types of Networks • There are two types of communication networks: – Broadcast Networks: All stations share a single communication channel. – Point-to-Point Networks: Pairs of hosts (or routers) are directly connected. Broadcast Network Point-to-Point Network • Typically, local area networks (LANs) are broadcast and wide area networks (WANs) are point-to-point. © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 4 Local Area Network • Local area networks (LANs) typically connect computers within a building or a campus. • Almost all LANs are broadcast networks. • Typical topologies of LANs are bus or ring. Bus LAN © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) Ring LAN 5 MAC and LLC • In any broadcast network, the stations must ensure that only one station transmits at a time on the shared communication channel. • The protocol that determines who can transmit on a broadcast channel is called Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol. • The higher portion of the data link layer is often called Logical Link Control (LLC). © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) to Network Layer Data Link Layer • The MAC protocol is implemented in the MAC sublayer which is the lower sublayer of the data link layer. Logical Link Control Medium Access Control to Physical Layer 6 IEEE 802 Standards • IEEE 802 is a family of standards for LANs. • The 802 defines the LLC and several MAC sublayers. Higher Layers 802.1 Interface to Higher Layers LLC 802.2 Logical Link Control MAC 802.3 802.4 802.5 802.6 © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) CSMA/CD (Ethernet) Token Bus Token Ring DQDB 7 IEEE 802 LAN Standard OSI IEEE Reference Model Logical Link Control 802.2 802.6 803.5 802.4 802.3 © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) Medium Access Control Physical Layer Higher Layers Data Link Layer Physical Layer 8 •Unacknowledged connectionless service •Connection-oriented service •Acknowledged connectionless service •IEEE 802.2 •Optical •:Fiber •10 Mbps © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) •FDDI •DQDB •Broadband •Coaxial: •1,5,10 •Mbps •Shielded •twisted •pair: •4, 16 Mbps •Optical •fiber: •100 •Mbps •Optical •fiber • or •coaxial •44.736 •Mbps •Carrierband •1,5,10 •Mbps •Unshielded •twisted •pair: •4 Mbps •I•E•E•E••8•0•2•.•6 •Unshielded •twisted pair: •1, 10 Mbps •Token Ring •F•D•D•I •P•h•y•s•i•c•a•l •I•E•E•E••8•0•2•.•3 •Broadband •coaxial: •10 Mbps •Token Bus •I•E•E•E••8•0•2•.•4 •CSMA/CD •I•E•E•E••8•0•2•.•5 •M•A•C •L•L•C IEEE 802 LAN Standard •Optical fiber •5,10,20 •Mbps 9 Functions of the LLC • LLC can provide different services to the network layer: • acknowledged connectionless service • unacknowledged connectionless service • connection-oriented service • Framing • Error control • Addressing © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 10 Functions of the MAC sublayer • The various MAC sublayers of the IEEE 802 standard are very different. • We will discuss: – CSMA/CD a.k.a. Ethernet © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 11 IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD) Transceiver 802.3 standardizes the 1-persistent CSMA/CD multi-access control protocol. 1. Each station listens before it transmits. 2. If the channel is busy, it waits until the channel goes idle, and then it transmits. 3. If the channel is idle it transmits immediately. Continue sensing. 4. If collision is detected, transmit a brief jamming signal, then cease transmission, wait for a random time, and retransmit. © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 12 Different techniques • 1-persistent: – if busy, constantly sense channel – if idle, send immediately – if collision is detected, wait a random amount of time before retransmitting • Non-persistent: – sense channel when station has a packet to send – if busy, wait a random amount of time before sensing again; – if idle, transmit as soon as it is idle – collisions reduced because sensing is not immediately rescheduled – drawback: more delay • p-persistent: combines 1-persistent goal of reduced idle channel time with the non-persistent goal of reduced collisions. – sense constantly if busy and the station needs to send a packet – when the channel becomes idle, transmit packet with probability p – with probability 1-p station waits an additional tprop before sensing again © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 13 Collisions in Ethernet • The collision resolution process of Ethernet requires that a collision is detected while a station is still transmitting. • Assume: max. propagation delay on the bus is a. t0 A A Begins Transmission B A B Begins Transmission B t0+a-e © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 14 Collisions in Ethernet t0+a A B Detects Collision B A A Detects Collision Just Before End of Transmission B t0 +2a • Restrictions: Each frame should be at least twice as long as the time to detect a collision (2 · maximum propagation delay). © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 15 Different MAC schemes • ALOHA: True free-for-all. When a node needs to send, it does so. It listens for an amount of time equal to the maximum round trip delay plus a fixed increment. If it hears an acknowledgment, fine; otherwise it resends. After several attempts, it gives up. Max. utilization: 18% • Slotted ALOHA: improved utilization: 37% (with time slots; frames that overlap, overlap completely) • CSMA: Sense carrier, if idle, send.Wait for ack. If there isn’t one, assume there was a collision, retransmit. © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 16 CSMA/CD • CSMA/CD: – In CSMA, if collision occurs, need to wait till damaged frames have fully propagated. For long frames compared to propagation delay, this could lead to significant waste of capacity. So add collision detection. – Rule: Frames should be long enough to allow collision detection prior to the end of transmission (pg 405, EL536 textbook) © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 17 Exponential Backoff Algorithm • If a station is involved in a collision, it waits a random amount of time before attempting a retransmission. • The random time is determined by the following algorithm: • Set “slot time” to 2a. • After first collision wait 0 or 1 time unit. • After i-th collision, wait a random number between 0 and 2 i-1 time slots. • Do not increase random number range if i=10. • Give up after 16 collisions. © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 18 Physical Layer Specifications for 802.3 • Many types of media are allowed for 802.3. These are the most popular: Name Cable Data Maximum Comments Rate Length (Mbps) (m) 10Base5 “Thick 10 500 The “original” from Coax” 1985 10Base2 “Thin Coax” 10 185 Called “Cheapernet” or “thin Ethernet” 10BaseT Twisted 10 100 Uses a star topology pair (with a central hub). 100BaseT Twisted 100 “Fast Ethernet” pair 100BaseFX Fiber optics © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 100 2000 Fiber version of Fast Ethernet 19 Ethernet and IEEE 802.3: Any Difference? • On a conceptual level, they are identical. But there are subtle differences that are relevant if we deal with TCP/IP. • “Ethernet”: • An industry standard from 1982 that is based on the first implementation of CSMA/CD by Xerox. • Predominant version of CSMA/CD in the US. • 802.3: • IEEE’s version of CSMA/CD from 1985. • Interoperates with 802.2 (LLC) as higher layer. • Difference for our purposes: Ethernet and 802.3 use different methods to encapsulate an IP datagram. © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 20 IEEE 802.2/802.3 Encapsulation (RFC 1042) 802.3 MAC 802.2 LLC 802.2 SNAP destination address source address length DSAP AA SSAP AA cntl 03 org code 0 type data CRC 6 6 2 1 1 1 3 2 38-1492 4 0800 IP datagram 2 38-1492 0806 ARP request/reply PAD 2 28 10 - destination address, source address: MAC addresses are 48 bit - length: frame length in number of bytes - DSAP, SSAP: always set to 0xaa - Ctrl: set to 3 - org code: set to 0 - type field identifies the content of the data field - CRC: cylic redundancy check 0835 RARP request/reply PAD 2 28 10 Error: This should be 8035 not 0835 © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 21 Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894 and 893) Dest. Src. Addr Addr. Type . 6 6 2 46-1500 Type 0800 2 Type 0806 2 Type 8035 2 © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) CRC Data 4 IP datagram 46-1500 ARP req./reply 28 RARP req./reply 28 PAD 18 PAD 18 22 Interconnection of LANs • LANs of different types can be interconnected by data link bridges. Token-ring Bridge IP IP LLC LLC 802.3 MAC © Jörg Liebeherr (modified by M. Veeraraghavan) 802.3 MAC LLC 802.5 MAC 802.5 MAC 23