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Advances Toward Economic and Efficient Terabit LANs and WANs Lawrence G. Roberts CEO Anagran [email protected] September 2005 Switching History – Byte, Packet, Flow Switching Technology Improvement Less Decisions / bit reduces routing cost, not port cost Cost 1 TDM – One Byte per Decision 1 Byte Decisions per Bit 0.1 $ 1969 40:1 First Generation 0.01 ATM – 1 cell / decision 40 Bytes 52 Bytes 0.001 500 Bytes 0.0001 2003 14:1 Second Generation 0.00001 1960 Copyright Anagran 2005 7000 Bytes 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 What is a Flow Router ? Packets Flows A Flow is a stream of packets between one user/system and another – In IPv4 it is uniquely identified by the 5-tupple • (Destination. Address, Source Address, Protocol, Destination Port, Source Port) – In IPv6 it is uniquely identified by the 3-tupple ( • D-Address. S -Address, Flow Label) A Flow Router : – Identifies the Flow in a Flow State Memory – Routes the Flow if it is a new flow and determines the QoS (Rate, Delay, etc) • QoS can be determined with ACL commands from DiffServ, Ports, Protocol, etc. • QoS can also be signaled in the first packet using TIA 1039 or the ITU equivalent – Subsequent packets in the flow are QoS controlled and switched to the output port The result is less expensive, supports ATM quality QoS, and gains many advantages from knowledge of the flow Copyright Anagran 2005 Bad Comparison of Router Designs Level 2 Packet Level 2/3 Packet Level 3 Packet Broadcast Storms MAC Routing Best Route Only Limited Routing Best Route Only High Cost Best Route Only Good Address Total Net Denial of Service ACL Commands DiffServ Priority Copyright Anagran 2005 Level 3 Flow Aware Address Total Net Denial of Service ACL Commands DiffServ Priority Delay Control Rate Control Burst Tolerance Precedence Multiple Routes DDOS Control High Utilization Fairness – P2P Low Cost Source Checking Benefits of Flow Router Technology Supporting a Grid Center Connect up over 1000 Servers together - 1 FSA Router Higher Server Throughput ( 2:1 typical ) Layer 3 Routing - no broadcast noise, Secure Subnets QoS for Video, Voice, and Storage Transfers Disaster Recovery can use Guaranteed Rate Multiple Routes Available for any Path Backup Site 10 GE Copyright Anagran 2005 Network GE Benefits at the Edge of a WAN Guaranteed Rate IP and/or MPLS Tunnels Used to interconnect Flow Routers and provide Guaranteed Rate sub-network DSL Video Server Node Used for Switching Could use multiple nodes DSLAM’s Control QoS at the Edge Provide Fairness Support Video and Voice Route over best path Packet Router FSA Router Copyright Anagran 2005 Ethernet to Buildings WiFi Mesh Current Core Network CMTS • Route Premium Traffic over Red • Guarantee Voice/Video end-to-end • Route Best Effort over Blue • Use all current capacity Cable Networks QoS Signaling (TIA 1039 and ITU) Allows TCP Jumpstart TCP Tim e to Get 1MB Page AR=100 AR=30 Sender Cr os s Countr y - RTT=100 m s IPv6 r ate ne gotiate d of 32 M bps Receiver AR=30 1,200 TCP Today IPv4 W ith Q oS Signaling and 1,000 32 M bps agreed AR=30 With QoS W ith TCP Slow-Start IPv6/QoS Signaling 32 M bps TCP Rate Negotiated 800 K i lo B ytes • Available Rate is requested and negotiated down across the network, returning the best rate available • The Sender can then Jump TCP to that rate • If the network changes, a new rate is returned • If errors occur, the user need not reduce rate Typical TCP Slow Start 600 400 200 0 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 Se conds Major Improvement in Page Access over Long Delay (Satellite) or High Error rate (Radio) paths 10:1 Faster for Cross Country 20:1 Faster for Satellite or Noisy Radio Copyright Anagran 2005 Flow Routers Support Guaranteed Rate Flows New Flow Discarded since over limit New Flow Accepted since under limit GR Limit Link Capacity New High Priority Flow Accepted When precedence is enabled, new flow of high priority if over capacity is accepted and lower priority flow is dropped Low Priority Flow Dropped Copyright Anagran 2005 • Without QoS signaling, GR flows are rejected when max capacity is reached • With QoS Signaling (TIA 1039 or ITU) the flow has a precedence which is used to determine which flows are rejected • Precedence is critical for emergency services and military, important for office and home GR=2 GR=2 Sender Receiver QoS Signaling for Guaranteed Rate Summary For 35 years it has been believed that keeping flow information or “State” is bad-all IP routers were developed without using flow state Now, economics have changed and flow state or FSA can: – Significant Cost Reduction from Standard Layer 3 IP Packet Router • Flow Memory cost too much to do Flow Routing for first 20 years • Now Packet Routing costs too much and routing once per flow is less expensive – – – – – – – Raise Utilization to 83% from 40% due to major reduction in Variance Control QoS for Guaranteed SLA’s (Video, Voice, Gaming) Allow Load Balancing across all near-equal-cost paths in network Improve Security with DDOS protection and Flow Authorization Provide Fairness and Accounting Permit QoS to be signaled and agreed on end-to-end across a network GR IP Tunnels allow total scalability of VPN’s with signaled setup Copyright Anagran 2005