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Enabling Data-Intensive iGrid
Applications with Advanced
Network Technology
Lawrence G. Roberts
CEO Anagran
[email protected]
September 2005
Switching Alternatives
Packet Routing
Route Every Packet Individually, Queue by Priority – High Cost per bit
Single route per destination, 40% utilization, Best Effort QoS
Flow Routing
Lookup Flow State, Route if start of flow, Switch rest of flow – Lower cost
Multiple routes per destination, 80% utilization, Full QoS
Optical Switching
Switch without transceivers. Route by session, No queuing – lowest cost
Low utilization for normal traffic, Full QoS
Optical Switched Core
Flow Routed Edges
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Fill Lambda with Flow Router, Select best route per flow
High Utilization for all traffic, Full QoS, Lowest Overall cost
Cost Trends for Network Components
1969
Crossover 1000000
when Packet
Routing
100000
became cost
effective
10000
Packet, Flow, & Communication Cost Trends
DWDM changed
the slope of
communications
cost
$/Terabit
1000
100
2010 Crossover
where Lambdas
become less
expensive than
two packet
router ports
10
1
0.1
INTERNET HISTORY
CSNET
0.01
ARPANET
0.001
1965
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1970
1975
1980
NSFNET COMMERICAL
1985
1990
1995
2000
Uncertainty
2005
2010
2015
Economics of Flow Routing vs Packet
Router Price with 8 High Speed Ports
Flow Too Costly
Flow Less Expensive
800
700
600
$K
500
400
Flow Memory
Too Expensive
300
Flow Lookup
Reduces Expense
200
100
.5 Mbps
0
1970
.5 Gbps
17 Mbps
1975
1980
1985
1990
15 Gbps
1995
2000
440 Gbps
2005
8 Ports are of Highest Speed Available in that Year
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2010
.Router
Capacity
Flow Routing Improves Trunk Utilization
Delay vs Utilization
10,000
g
n
outi
et R
Pack
Rou
ti
ng
1,000
100
Flow
•IP Packet Router- 16 Queues: Variance reduced 4:1
•IP Flow Router- 1 M Flows rate controlled per 10
Gbps: Variance reduced 1000:1
100,000
Delay - Microseconds
• Variance of IP Traffic Very High
• Variance is reduced as the Square Root of the
rate controlled flows
10
1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Utilization
Total utilization averages 83% with FSA
vs. a US Internet average of 27% utilization
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Queuing Formula Results
1
Flow Routing Allows Multiple Path Load Balancing
A
B
Assuming the
main load is from
A to B a FSA
Router would have
twice the capacity
from A-B
compared to a
packet router
This network has 4 equal-cost (3 hop) paths from A to B
• A Packet Router must send all A-B traffic on the “best” route (red) to keep packets in order
•The “best” route may change from time to time as the load changes, hurting voice
•A Flow Router can send each flow over a different near-equal-cost route (flow in order)
• It can then load balance the network, sending each flow over the best available route
• It keeps track of 16 near-equal-cost routes, their load, capacity and jitter
• Thus instead of overloading any link, the network can be used to the maximum capacity
• If the “best” path changes, but a flow is on a functional path, it need not be move
•This avoids gaps in Voice and Video
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Total Cost for Switched Communications Service
2011 Crossover
where Lambda
Switching
becomes less
expensive then
Packet Switching
Total Cost of Service - One Hop
Lambda, Flow, and Packet Switching
$/Terabit
10
Utilization - Lambda 15% , Packet 40% , Flow 80% , Lambda/Flow 80%
1
If Lambda
switching achieves
35% utilization,
crossover with
packet is in 2005
0.1
Uncertainty
0.01
2005
•
•
•
•
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Network cost above includes Lambda cost and the router or switch ports at both ends
Lambda (Optical) Switching is considered as zero cost
Utilization varies with each switching method – estimates
Optimal Strategy is to use Optical Switch Core and Flow Routed Edges to raise utilization
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Flow Routed Edge Supports Grid into Lambda-Net
DWDM
Optical
Switched
Network
Flow Routers can interconnect at low cost to support >1000 Servers
Flow Router
They support all Level 3 features for security and routing
Server
They provide Guaranteed Rate paths on demand for high throughput
They can route flows on every available near-equal-cost path
Path selection avoids flows interrupting other flows
Server Utilization is typically twice that of packet routing
Trunk Utilization is optimized at 80% by routing flows, not sessions or packets
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