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Networks and distributed systems
Lec 1:
Evolution of the Internet
Jinyang Li
[email protected]
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Know your staff
• Instructor: prof. Jinyang Li
– [email protected]
– Office Hour: Wed 5-6pm (715 Broadway Rm 705)
• Class webpage
http://www.news.cs.nyu.edu/classes/fa07
• Register for class mailing list
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The course will teach you …
• to appreciate design principles of the Internet
– How it works and why it works
• to address new networking challenges
– How to do independent research
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Who should take this class?
• Core grad-level class
– Satisfy M.S. requirement of a “project” class
– Satisfy Ph.D. breadth requirement
• Pre-requisite:
– Basic knowledge on networks
– Programming experience
• Useful books:
– Computer networks (Peterson & Davie)
– TCP/IP illustrated (Stevens)
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Class material
• Lectures/readings
– Read assigned research papers before class
– Participate in class discussion
• Assignments
– Solve concrete problems, get your hands dirty!
• Projects
– Can you identify and tackle a challenge with guidance?
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Grading
• Participation 20%
– two in-class mini-quiz on “readings du jour”
• Two take home assignments 20%
• P roject 60%
– Teams of 2-3 people
– Starting new week
– Bi-weekly meetings with me
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Questions?
• Sign up sheet
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A brief history of communication
• Telephone networks
– Dial to set up a path
– Paths carry analog voice signals from one
phone to another
– Networking means building paths
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Building paths  connecting wires
Switchboard
Operators 1960
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The quest for a survivable
network
• Sputnik --> ARPA --> survivable networks
• Telephone network is not survivable
– Destroy of a switching center is highly disruptive
– Not possible to build reliable paths under attacks
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Packet switching
• Baran &
Davies (60s)
• Packets are digital, self-contained, of limited size
• Decentralized store and forward
– Networking means delivering packets to endpoints
pkt
len
header
Src
Dst
Addr addr
payload
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An example of packet switching
H2
H1:P4
H2:P1
H3:P2
H2 H1
1
4
3
2
H1
H3
2
1
H1:P1
H2:P2
H3:P3
3
H2 H1
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ARPANET
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Internet:
Connecting many networks
•
Many packet switching networks
– ARPANET, Packet radio, SATnet
•
•
Goal: make networks work together!
Solution: TCP/IP
Kahn
&Cerf
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Alternative #1:
single technology, single network
•
•
•
•
Render existing networks/apps useless
Does not accommodate new technology
Hard for decentralized control
(early phone network is like this)
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Alternative #2: Translation Gateway
H1: ABCD
H2: 计算机
Translation
gateway
• Translation is hard
– different features/headers, N^2 combinations!
– How to translate addresses?
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3. Internet wins
H2: 128.122.108.71
H1: 18.26.4.9
IP router
H1, GW’s
low-level addr
H2, GW’s
low-level addr
H1,H2’s IP addr
• IP over everything
– A uniform header / addressing format
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Internet design challenges
• How to address networks and hosts?
– Address size? Resolve IP addr to subnet addr?
• How to compute route and forward packets?
• How to reliably deliver packets?
– Error recovery
– Flow control
• How to cope with different max packet size?
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Addressing scheme
• Early 80s:
– 32-bit globally unique IP address
– 8 bit net number, 24 bit host number
– Embed subnet address to low 24 bit
•Now: 32-bit
– Variable length net number (CIDR)
– Address resolution protocol (ARP) to obtain
subnet addr (MAC addr) from IP
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Routing
• Early 80s:
– 256-entry routing table, indexed by top 8 bits of addr
– Static default g/w
•Now:
– Intra-domain routing: OSPF, RIP
– Inter-domain routing: BGP
– approx. 250,000 BPG entries now
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Reliable delivery
• Early 80s
– IP is best-effort only
– TCP ran at end hosts for error/flow control
•Now:
– IP is best effort only
– TCP is separated from IP
– TCP performs both error and congestion control
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Packet size policy
• Early 80s:
– Senders only know local net’s MTU
– G/Ws fragment large packets into smaller MTUS
– End hosts reassembles fragments
•Now: same. :-)
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“Internet” demo 1977
ARPANET
PR
net
SateNET
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Internet map 1987
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Why TCP/IP wins?
• Universal
– IP-over-everything
– Best effort only
– End-to-end design
• Robust
– Soft-state only inside network
– Fate sharing
– Be liberal in what you accept; be conservative in
what you send
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Internet’s growing stage
•
•
•
•
•
1978 TCP/IP split
1984 Domain name system
1986 Incorporating congestion control in TCP
1990 ARPANET disappears, first ISP is born
Nodes double every year….
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The revolution, good and bad
•
•
•
•
Email 1971
Apple II 1977, IBM PC 1981
Web 1990
VoIP, File sharing, Video streaming, Web 2.0
• Worms 1988, viruses
• DoS attacks
• Spam
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Internet design goals
1. Interconnect different networks
–
–
Packet switching
Uniform addressing and IP header
2. Robust
–
–
Route packets instead of building path
Network is state-less, forwards packets based on addr
3. Flexible
–
–
IP is best effort only
Separate TCP from IP
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The more problematic goals
4. Decentralization
– Routing across multiple admin domains is
still error-prone
5. Cheap and easy to attach new nodes
– Cumbersome to attach new devices, move
existing ones around
6. Accountability
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Internet weaknesses
•
•
•
•
Assumes trusted participants
Assumes non-greedy sources
Security
Hard to incrementally deploy new protocols
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New challenges
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New types of networks: wireless
 2007
MIT Cartel
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New networks: wireless mesh
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New networks: sensor
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New services
• What’s the next killer app?
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Battling existing woes
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Battling existing woes
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Course Syllabus
1. Core networking concepts
– Naming and addressing
– Routing
– Managing shared resources
2. Wireless
3. Network services
4. Security
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Part I: Core networking concepts
Reliable transport
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Coping with best-effort
• Why don’t applications use IP directly?
– IP is a host-to-host protocol
– Many applications want reliable, in-order delivery
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TCP software architecture
browser
ssh
apache
User-space
write
sshd
User-space
kernel
read
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kernel
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Coping with best-effort
• Challenges for a reliable transport protocol
–
–
–
–
Loss
Variable delays
Packet reordering
Duplicate packets
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TCP overview
• Provides in-order, reliable, duplex byte-streams
Src
port
Dst
port
Seq #
Ack #
flags window cksum
• Uses cumulative ACKs
Data: 1:1460
Ack:
1461
1461:1700
1701
1701:1999
2000:2500
1701
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2501:2800
1701
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Reliability via retransmission
• How does TCP know when to re-transmit?
• Timer driven
– No ACKs for a while…
• Data driven
– Many duplicate ACKs
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Timer-driven retransmission
• What is the ideal time to retransmit?
• What if we literally use RTT as timeout?
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Timer-driven retransmission
• Calculate running average of RTT
– EWMA: srtt =  * r + (1 - ) * srtt
• Set timeout (RTO)
– Used to use RTO = 2 * srtt
– Now: RTO = srtt + 4 * rttdev
rttdev =  * |r-srtt| + (1- ) * rttdev
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An example RTT distribution
Avg: 99.2ms
Std: 1.4ms
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TCP timers
• What if a retransmission times out?
– Exponential back off
• TCP timeouts are extremely conservative
– Granularity of 500ms or 200ms
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Fast retransmit
Data: 1:1460
Ack:
1461
1461:1700
1701:1999
2000:2500
1701
1701
2501:2800
1701
• If a segment is lost, duplicate ACKs result
• TCP retransmit upon seeing 3 duplicate
ACKs
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Fast retransmit
• What would trick fast retransmit into
spurious retransmission?
• When would fast retransmit fail to avoid
timeout?
– Loss of a re-sent packet
– Multiple losses in a window
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Fast Recovery
• How should sender change its congestion
window due to loss?
– Unchanged?
– Set to 1?
– Half ?
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Is TCP good for all applications?
• TCP imposes high delay for retransmitted
packets
• TCP enforces in-order delivery
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