Download 3G and 4G - Web Services Overview

3G and 4G Wireless
– Advances and Challenges
SRB 041406 ver1
Suresh R. Borkar
Adjunct Faculty, Dept of ECE, Ill Instt. of Tech.
[email protected]
Apr 14, 2006
1
3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges
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Where are we?
3G Wireless Summary
Where do we Want to go?
Evolution to Seamless Networking
4G Wireless
Challenges
The one who stays still is left behind
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Where are We?
 Classic Wireline MaBell Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
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– US Universal coverage achieved early 1980’s
“Wireless” First Generation Analog Systems
– Speech
– AMPS, TACS
Second Generation Digital Systems
– Enhanced Capacity
– CDMA, D-AMPS, TDMA, GSM, DECT, PDC
2.5 Generation Systems
– Low Speed Data
– GPRS, EDGE
Third Generation Systems
– “INTERNET” on Wireless
– WiFi/HyperLAN <-> WiMAX/HyperWAN <-> CDMA2000/WCDMA
– Evolution to All IP Network including VoIP
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Representative Wireless Standards
 GSM/TDMA
– Time Division Multiplexing based access
 CDMA
– Code Division Multiplexing based access
 OFDM
– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Many toys to play with
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TDMA/FDMA
Frequency
Domain
Frequency 1
Frequency 2
.
.
.
Frequency n
Frequency 1
Frequency 2
.
.
.
Frequency n
slot 1
Circuit
Circuit
slot 2
Circuit
Circuit
...
Slot n
Circuit
Circuit
Downlink Path
Circuit
Circuit
Circuit
Circuit
Circuit
Circuit
Circuit
Circuit
Circuit
Uplink Path
Circuit
Circuit
Circuit
Give the same air to all
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CDMA
t
Freq:
Chips
user 1
user 2
X
usern
Separated by PN codes
t
III
Message
t
Resulting Signal
Channelization code: Separate xmissions
from a single source from each other
Scrambling code: separate different sources
from each other
Spreading Code = Channelization code x
Scrambling code
All persons are created equal
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Multipath Arrival of Signals
Y
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Transmitted
symbol
received signal
at each time delay
Modified with the
channel estimate
combined
symbol
finger #1
finger #2
finger #3
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CDMA Rake Receiver
Input signal
(from RF)
SRB 041406 ver1
correlator
I
phase rotator
SUM I
delay
equalizer
Q
I
SUM Q
code
generator
channel
estimator
Q
Finger 1
Combiner
Finger 2
Finger 3
Timing (Finger allocation)
Matched filter
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
 Successor to Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence CDMA
 Capability to cancel multipath distortion in a spectrally efficient
manner without requiring multiple local oscillators (802.11a
and 802.16)
 Based on use of IFFT and FFT
 Frequency orthogonality as compared to code orthogonality in
CDMA using Walsh Code
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3G Services
2MHz
video
conferencing
Internet
telemedicine
Video on
demand
radio
paging
Bandwidth
audio
conferencing
Mobile
TV
electronic
newspaper
messaging
Mobile
radio
Fax
voice
1KHz
bi-directional
unidirectional
Broadcast/
multicast
Who is first? – the customer; who is second? - No one
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Key Mobility Services
 Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS)
– Text, sounds, images, and video
– Transition from Short Message Service (SMS)
– Open Internet standards for messaging
 Web Applications
– Information portals
– Wireless Markup Language (WML) with signals using
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
 Location Communications Services
– Location Awareness Based
 Personalization of information presentation format
– Service capability negotiations (MExE environment)
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Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
 CAMEL = IN + Service portability (incl mobility and roaming)
 Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• Mobile user <-> ISP <-> corporate server
• Mobility, Security, Capacity and quality
 Prepaid, Usage Limitations, Advanced Routing Services
 Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
• Subscriber profile, charging information, Service
information, numbering information
• Integration of array of services, content conversion to
heterogeneous services, network user profile, location
aware services
Take the claims with a grain of salt
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GSM Network
SCP
SSP
PSTN/ISDN
STP
IN
ISUP
Gw-MSC
gsm
SCF
HLR
AuC
C
Billing
Center
C, D
SMS-GW
VLR
MSC
GSM
04.08
A
BSS
UE
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Circuit domain
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GSM & GPRS
SCP
SSP
PSTN/ISDN
STP
ISUP
Gw-MSC
gsm
SCF
IN
HLR
AuC
C
PDN
IP Services
Gi
Gc
GGSN
C, D
Billing
Center
Ga
VLR
GSM
04.08+
SMS-GW
Data,
voice,
video
call
Ga
CGw
Gn
Gr
MSC
SGSN
A
Gb
GSM
04.08+
BSS
UE
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Circuit domain
Packet domain
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WCDMA/UMTS
SCP
gsm
SSP
SCF
STP IN, CAMEL
PSTN/ISDN
ISUP
Gw-MSC
HLR+
AuC
C
PDN
IP Services
Gi+
Gc+
GGSN
C+, D+
Billing
Center
CGw
Ga+
SMS-GW
VLR
Gn+
Gr+
3G-MSC
GSM
04.08++
Data,
voice,
video
call
Ga+
3G-SGSN
Iu-cs
Iu-ps
GSM
04.08++
UTRAN
UE
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Circuit domain
Packet domain
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GSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and Services
High
(Car / Train)
Voice
EDGE
CS Data
Fax
Mobility
Text Messaging
GSM
HSCSD
GPRS
UMTS
Low
(stationary)
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9.6
14.4
76.0 GPRS
HSCSD
384.0 EDGE
Bit Rate, Kbps
UMTS 2 Mb/s
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3G Evolution
2.5G
GSM
HSCSD
15.2 kbps
GPRS
170 kbps
TDMA
CDPD
43.2 kbps
PDA/PDC-P
14.4 kbps
cdmaOne
76.8 kbps
WLAN
IEEE 802.11b
11 Mbps
3.5G
EDGE
473 kbps
EDGE Ph2
GRAN
473 kbps
TD-SCDMA
Ph 2
2 Mbps
TD-SCDMA
284 kbps
WCDMA FDD
2 Mbps
CDMA2000 1x
307 kps
HyperLAN2
54 Mbps
IEEE 802.11 a/h
54 Mbps
WCDMA TDD 2 Mbps
WCDMA HSDPA 10 Mbps
1XEV-DO (HDR) 2.4 Mbps
1XEV-DV (HDR) 5.4 Mbps
Harmonized
HyperLAN2
And IEEE 802.11a
WiMAX/HyperMAN also in the mix
Ref: Honkasalo et al, WCDMA and WLAN for 3G and Beyond, IEEE Wireless Communication, Apr 2002
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Some Representative Current Wireless Options
 3G Cellular (WCDMA)
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– Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Uplink and Downlink are
separated in frequency – (“symmetric”)
– Time Division Duplex (TDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in
time – allows “asymmetric” traffic (adjust time slots in uplink and
downlink)
3G Cellular (CDMA2000)
Wi Fi
– 802.11a and 802.11b; HyperLAN2
– 2.4 GHz band
WiMAX
– 802.16d (fixed); 802.16e (“portable”)
– 5.8 GHz band; 10 – 20 Mbps symmetrical BW
Blue Tooth
– RF based LAN technology; 20-30 feet coverage
– 2.4 GHz band
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Survival of the fittest
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3G WCDMA
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Release 99
Release 4
Release 5
Domains, Protocols, and Channels
Radio Resource Management
Network Dimensioning and Optimization
Quality of Service (QoS0 and Location Services
The favored twin sister of CDMA2000
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Release 99
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Radio Bearer Negotiations
Traffic Classes
Complex Scrambling
Speech Codec – (eight) Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR)
Battery Life
Transmission “spatial/antenna” diversity
Compressed Mode
– Measurements in multiple frequency
– Use of transmission time reduction techniques
# PDP Contexts per IP Address
QPSK; coherent detection; Rake receiver
Short and Long Spreading Codes
Multicall – several simultaneous CS calls with dedicated bearers of
independent traffic and performance characteristics
Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
Phase 3
A lot to gobble
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Release 4
 Bearer Independent Core Network
 Tandem Free Operation (TFO), Transcoder Free Operation
(TrFO), and Out of Band Transcoder Control (OoBTC)
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Low Chip Rate TDD Operation
Network Assisted Cell Change
FDD Repeater
NodeB Synchronization for TDD
IPv6 packet switched network supporting both real time and
non-real time traffic
– Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) replacing SS7
 Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
 MSC/VLR -> MSC server (mobility management) and MGW
(Connection management subtasks)
 Multimedia Message Service (MMS) environment
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Release 5
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IP Transport in UTRAN
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (upto 10 Mbps)
Intra Domain Connection to Multiple CN Nodes (Iuflex)
IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS)
“Guaranteed” End to End (E2E) QoS in the PS domain
Global Text Telephony
Support for Real Time Services in packet domain
CAMEL Phase 4
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HSDPA
 Peak Data rate > 10 Mbps
 Same spectrum by both voice and data
– Up to 12 spreading codes for High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH)
– Fast link Adaptation
– Both code and time division for channel sharing
 Transmission Time interval 2 ms
 Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
– Automatic optimizations to Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
 QPSK and 16 QAM modulation at 3.84 Mhz symbol; spreading
factor fixed to 16
 Incremental Redundancy or chase combining (CH)
 New DPCCH2 in uplink primarily for HARQ channel state info
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WCDMA Domains
Home
Network
Domain
[Zu]
Cu
Uu
Iu
[Yu]
Serving
Network
Domain
USIM
Domain
Mobile
Equipment
Domain
User Equipment
Domain
Access
Network
Domain
Transit
Network
Domain
Core
Network
Domain
Infrastructure
Domain
Standardization of architecture (domains) and standardization of protocols (strata)
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WCDMA Protocol Layers
Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User Plane
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
SRB 041406 ver1
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP(s)
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Signalling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
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WCDMA L1, L2, and RRC Sublayer
U-plane information
C-plane signalling
GC
Nt
DC
Duplication avoidance
GC
Nt
DC
UuS boundary
L3
control
L3/RRC
RRC
con con
trol trol
SRB 041406 ver1
PDCP
concon
trol trol
PDCP
L2/PDCP
RLC
RLC
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
L2/RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Logical
Channels
MAC
L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY
L1
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WCDMA Channels
Logical Channels
Control
BCCH
PCCH
Mac
-b
-c/sh
Transport Channels
Common
BCH
PCH
Physical Channels
DCCH
CCCH
Traffic
DTCH
SHCCH
CTCH
-d
FACH
Mapped to Transport Channels
PCCPH SCCPCH
RACH
PRACH
UL CPCH DSCH
PCPCH
PDSCH
Dedicated
DCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
Dedicated
SCH
CPICH
AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
Transport Channels: how information transferred over the radio interface
Logical Channels: Type of information transferred over the radio interface
Channels made by soft hats
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Mapping Between Channels
Uplink
DCCH
DTCH
CCCH
RACH
PRACH
Downlink
CPCH
PCPCH
DCH
DPDCH
DPCCH
Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
Mapped
Physical
Channels
Dedicated
Physical
Channels
PCCH
BCCH
PCH
BCH
PCCPCH
CCCH
CTCH
FACH
SCCPCH
DSCH
DCCH
DTCH
DCH
PDSCH DPDCH
DPCCH
SCH
CPICH
AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
N to M
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WCDMA Channel Usage Examples
Uplink/
Downlink
Code Usage
Dedicated channels
DCH
Both
According to maxm
bit rate
Fast Power control
Soft handover
Suited for
Yes
Yes
Medium or large
data amounts
Suited for bursty
data
No
Common channels
FCH
RACH
Downlink Uplink
Shared channels
CPCH
DSCH
USCH
Uplink
Downlink Uplink, only
in TDD
Fixed
Fixed
Fixed
Codes
Codes
codes per codes per codes per shared
shared
cell
cell
cell
btw users btw users
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Small
Small
Small or Medium Medium
data
data
medium or large or large
amounts amounts data
data
data
amounts amounts amounts
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Flexibility comes with responsibility
SRB 041406 ver1
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Radio Resource Management
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Power Control
Handover
Access Control
Load and Congestion Control
Packet Scheduling
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WCDMA Power Control (near = far)
Keep received power
levels P1 and P2 equal
Y Y
Power control commands
to the UEs
UE1
NodeB
UE2
Uplink and downlink (1500 Hz)
Open Loop Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control
Equal Opportunity Administration (EOA)
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WCDMA Handovers
sector 1
The same signal is sent
from both sectors to UE
Softer
Y
Y
RNC
sector 2
Y Y
Soft
RNC
macro diversity
combining in uplink
NodeB1
The same signal is sent from
both NodeB's to UE, except for the
power control commands
Y Y
NodeB2
Hard and Inter-frequency handovers
Intersystem cell-reselection
“Equivalent PLMN mode” (autonomous cell re-selection (packet) idle mode)
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Handover Algorithm
T
T
T
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 1
Reporting_range
+ Hysteresis_event 1B
Reporting_range
- Hysteresis_event 1A
Hysteresis_event 1C
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 2
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 3
Connected to cell 1
Event 1A
- add cell2
A relay race with multiple batons
SRB 041406 ver1
Event 1C
= replace cell1
with cell3
Event 1B
= remove cell3
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Network Dimensioning and Optimization
 Dimensioning Criteria
– Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service
 Dimensioning
– Link budget, capacity (hard and soft) and load factor
– Estimation of average interference power
– Coverage end Outage probabilities
 Optimization
– Performance Requirements
– Antenna adjustments, neighbor lists, scrambling codes
Don’t force a round peg in a square hole
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WCDMA Quality of Service (Qos)
 Dynamic Negotiations of properties / Services of radio bearer
– Thruput, transfer delay, data error rate
– Authentications
Traffic class
Fundamental
characteristics
Examples of the
application
Conversational class
Preserve time relation
(variation) between
information entities of
the stream
Conversational pattern
(stringent and low
delay)
voice,
videotelephony
video games
Streaming class
Preserve time
relation (variation)
between information
entities of the
stream
Interactive class
Request response
pattern
Preserve data
integrity
Background
Destination is not
expecting the data
within a certain time
Preserve data
integrity
Streaming
multimedia
Web browsing,
network games
Background
download of emails
One way communications is no communications
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Location Services (LCS)
UTRAN
Node B
Uu
Iub SRNC
SMLC
LMU
type B
HLR
Iu
Lh
UE
MSC
Um
BTS
LMU
LMU <- alternative -> type B
type A
Abis
A/ (Gb)/
(Iu)
Lg
Le
Gateway
MLC
External
LCS client
BSC
Ls
Lb<- alternative ->
Lc
(R98 and 99)
GERAN
SMLC
Lp
gsmSCF
SMLC
Cell ID based
Observed Time Difference Arrival – Idle Period Downlink (OTDOA-IPDL)
Network Assisted GPS
You can run but you cannot hide
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Why Move Towards 4G?
 Limitation to meet expectations of applications like multimedia,
full motion video, wireless teleconferencing
– Wider Bandwidth
 Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards
hampering global mobility and service portability
 Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs’; need a new
integrated network
 Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally more
efficient modulation schemes
 Need all all digital network to fully utilize IP and converged
video and data
Incessant human desire to reach the sky
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Where Do We Want to Go?
 Seamless Roaming
 Integrated “standard” Networks
 Mobile Intelligent Internet
Onwards to (Ultra) Wideband Wireless IP Networks
We are no longer in Kansas, Toto
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Upcoming
 3.5 G
– Evolved radio Interface
– IP based core network
 4G
– New Air Interface
– Very high bit rate services
– Convergence of Wireline, Wireless, and IP worlds
And Now for Something Completely Different
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3G All-IP Reference Architecture
Legacy mobile
signaling
Network
Applications
& Services
SCP
Alternative
Access
Network
R-SGW
Mh
Ms
Multimedia
IP Networks
CSCF
Mw
Mm
HSS
HLR
CAP
CSCF
Cx
Gr
Gc
Gi
Gn
R
SRB 041406 ver1
UTRAN
Uu
MGW
Iu
Mc
Gn
SGSN
MGCF
GGSN
T-SGW
Mc
Gi
MGW
Nb
MSC Server
Gp
Gi
MRF
GGSN
Iu
MT
Mg
Gi
SGSN
TE
Mr
Mc
GMSC Server
Nc
PSTN/
Legacy/External
T-SGW
Signalling Interface
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
Other PLMN
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WCDMA 3G Evolution to All-IP Network
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PSTN/ISDN
Wireless
Data
Server
Internet/Intranet/ISP
www,
email
IP
GGSN
HLR
HSS
AuC
3G-MSC
PCM
IP
Firewall
(G)MSC
Server
CSCF
PSTN/ISDN
MGCF
SGW
MGW
IP
SS7
MGW
SGSN
MRF
ATM
GTP+/IP
GGSN
RNC
RNC
Iur
Iub
Iub
N_B
N_B
UTRAN
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3.5G Radio Network Evolution
 High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access
 Support flexible bandwidth upto 20 MHz, new transmission
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schemes, advanced multi-antenna technologies, and signaling
optimization
Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20 MHz
spectrum
Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50
ms (dormant to active)
> 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum
Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz
Eliminate “dedicated” channels; avoid macro diversity in DL
Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
Support voice services in the packet domain
Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI) measurements
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3.5G WCDMA Evolved System Architecture
GERAN
Gb
Iu
GPRS Core
PCRF
UTRAN
Rx+
S7
S3
S4
HSS
S6
Evolved RAN
S1
MME
UPE
S5
Inter AS
Anchor
Evolved Packet Core
S2
non 3GPP
IP Access
Gi
Op.
IP
Serv.
(IMS,
PSS,
etc…)
S2
WLAN
3GPP IP Access
* Color coding: red indicates new functional element / interface
Source: www.3gpp.org
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Key 3G and 4G Parameters
Attribute
3G
Major Characteristic
Predominantly voice- data as Converged data and VoIP
add-on
Wide area Cell based
Hybrid – integration of
Wireless Lan (WiFi), Blue
Tooth, Wide Area
1.6 - 2.5 GHz
2 – 8 GHz
Network Architecture
Frequency Band
Component Design
4G
Bandwidth
Optimized antenna; multiband adapters
5 – 20 MHz
Smart antennas; SW multiband; wideband radios
100+ MHz
Data Rate
385 Kbps - 2 Mbps
20 – 100 Mbps
Access
WCDMA/CDMA2000
MC-CDMA or OFDM
Forward Error Correction
Concatenated Coding
Switching
Convolution code 1/2, 1/3;
turbo
Circuit/Packet
Mobile top Speed
200 kmph
200 kmph
IP
Multiple versions
All IP (IPv6.0)
Operational
~2003
~2010
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Packet
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Key 4G Mobility Concepts
 Mobile IP
– VoIP
– Ability to move around with the same IP address
– IP tunnels
– Intelligent Internet
 Presence Awareness Technology
– Knowing who is on line and where
 Radio Router
– Bringing IP to the base station
 Smart Antennas
– Unique spatial metric for each transmission
Wireless IP <---> IP Wireless
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4G Networks Advances
 Seamless mobility (roaming)
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– Roam freely from one standard to another
– Integrate different modes of wireless communications – indoor
networks (e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals;
radio and TV; satellite communications
100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area)
IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and
video
– IP RAN
Open unified standards
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
– Successor to “SS7”; replacement for TCP
– Maintain several data streams within a single connection
Service Location Protocol (SLP)
– Automatic resource discovery
– Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through
IP-based service and directory agents
The demise of SS7
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4G Networks Advances – cont’d
 Diameter
– Successor to “Radius”
– Unified authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)
 Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs)
 HSS
– Unified Subscriber Information
 Application developers, Service providers, and content
creators
Expand beyond the circle
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Key Challenges
 Spectral Efficiencies
– Challenge Shannon’s fundamental law of data communications
(BW, Sig/No)
– Hardware Frequency Synthesis techniques esp. for Frequency
Hop (FH) systems
– Traffic characteristics management (burstiness, directionality)
 Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)
– Baseband process using parallel equal bandwidth subchannels
– MC-CDMA; OFDM
– Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK); Multilevel Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM); Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
– Add cyclic extension or guard band to data
– Challenges of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Peak to
Average Ratio (PAVR)
No pain, no gain
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 1
 Signal Processing and optimizations
– Handling extremely large number of users
– Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions
– Orthogonality / correlation of large number of codes
– Spectrum Pollution
– Multi path re-enforcement / interference
– Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interference
suppression techniques (ISI and MAI)
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 2
 Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication)
– N Dimensional vector spaces
– IFFT, FFT
– Advanced DSP’s for parsing and processing data
 Smart / Intelligent Antennas
– Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI
– Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays
– Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)
Manage Entropy
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 3
 More Efficient and Sensitive Transreceiver Designs
– Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity,
tunable filters, spurious rejection, power consumption
– Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques
– Tight closed Loop power control
– Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments
– Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios
– Error Correction Coding
– “Perfect” Synchronization / phase alignment between
Xmitter and Receiver
• Clock recovery algorithms (e.g., as times-two, zero
crossing)
– Adaptive digitization of speech and multi media signals
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• A/D and D/A transformations
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4G RF/IF Architecture Example
Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm
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4G Transreceiver Processing Example
Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 4
 All IP Network
– Tunneling and Firewalls
– Fast Handoff control, authentication, realtime location
tracking, distributed policy management
– Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic
• Trasnscoders, echo cancellations, media conversions
Planetary Interoperability
 Integration across different topologies
– Multi Disciplinary Cooperation
WPAN
WLAN
+
WWAN
WMAN
There is packet at the end of the tunnel
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IP
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 5
 Distribute intelligence to the edges
– Very Smart User equipment; away from “network Centric”
architecture
– Access routers
– Miniaturization esp User Equipment
 Security and Levels of Quality of Service (QoS)
– Encryption Protocols; Security and “trust of information”
– Different rates, error profiles, latencies, burstiness
– Dynamic optimization of scarce resources
 Advanced Used interactions / presentation
– Improved User interfaces
– advanced Speech recognition and synthesis
– Flexible displays
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 6
 Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs
– Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents
– Web Adaptiveness – global database schemes, global error
corrective feedback, logic layer protocol, learning
algorithms
– Symbolic manipulation
– Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse
information sources
 Standardizations and Regulatory
– Modulation techniques, switching schemes, roaming
– Spectrum
– Cooperation/coordination among global Spectrum
Regulators
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4G Forums
 Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe
 Next-Generation Internet (NGI)
– Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA,
NIH etc.)
– High Performance networks: vBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA),
DREN (DoD), ESnet (DoE),
 Internet2
– US Universities Initiated
– Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (gigaPoPs)
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Summary
 Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications
 Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user
bandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive user
interface
 Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas
 Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G
– Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fast
manipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls
– Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, “one” standard,
authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation
 Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical
space, esp. User Equipment (UE)
IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G
IP in the sky with diamonds
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SRB 041406 ver1
Back-up
59
1st Generation Analog Cellular Systems
Standard
Region
AMPS
USA
TACS
Europe
ETACS
UK
NMT 450
Europe
NMT 900
Europe
C-450
Germany
Portugal
Italy
RTMS
Radiocom
2000
NTT
JTACS /
NTACS
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France
Japan
Japan
Frequency
(MHz)
824-849
869-894
890-915
935-980
872-915
917-950
453-457.5
463-467.5
890-915
935-960
450-455.74
460-465.74
450-455
460-465
414.8-418
424.8-428
870-885
860-870
915-925
Channel
Spacing
(kHz)
30
No. of
Modulation
Channels
Data Rate
(kbps)
832
FM
10
25
1000
FM
8
25
1240
FM
8
25
180
FM
1.2
12.5
1999
FM
1.2
10
573
FM
5.28
25
200
FM
-
12.5
250
FM
-
25
25
600
400
FM
FM
0.3
8.0
60
2nd Generation Cellular and Cordless Systems
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System
Country
IS-54
USA
GSM
Europe
IS-95
USA
Access
Technology
TDMA /
FDMA
TDMA /
FDMA
CDMA /
FDMA
(DS)
869-894
824-849
FDD
935-960
890-915
FDD
Frequency
Band
BS(MHz)
MS(MHz)
Duplexing
RF Channel
Spacing
(kHz)
Modulation
30
Pi/4
DQPSK
Fixed
Frequency
Assignment
Power
Control
MS Y
BS Y
Speech
VSELP
Coding
Speech rate
(kbps)
7.95
Channel Bit
48.6
Rate (kbps)
Channel
1/2 rate
Coding
convolution
GMSK
CT-2
Europe,
Asia
FDMA
CT-3
DCT-90
Sweden
TDMA /
FDMA
DECT
Europe
TDMA /
FDMA
869-894
864-868
862-866
1800-1900
824-849
FDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
200
1250
100
1000
1728
GFSK
GFSK
GFSK
Fixed
BPSK /
QPSK
Fixed
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic
Y
Y
RPE-LTP
Y
Y
QCELP
N
N
ADPCM
N
N
ADPCM
N
N
ADPCM
8
(variable
13 rate)
270.833
1228.8
1/2 rate
1/2 rate
None
convolution forward,
1/3 rate
reverse,
CRC
32
32
72
32
640
CRC
1152
CRC
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3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 Standards
UMTS-WCDMA
CDMA2000
"No' Backward Compatibility
Cell Sites not synchronized
Each cell site with different scrambling
code for spreading
Complex soft Hand Over
Scrambling code 38,400 chips; frame
of 10 ms
Backward compatibility with CDMAOne
Cell sites synchronized thru' GPS timing
Adjacent cell sites use diffferent time offset
of same scrambling code for spreading
Simple Soft Hand Over
Preudo Random (PN) sequence of length
215 - 1 chips; period of 26.67 ms; different
site offset of 64 chips
Walsh Codes
OVSF Codes
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Cdma2000 Layered Structure
Packet Data
Application
Upper
Layers
(OSI 3-7)
Signaling
Services
TCP
Packet Data
Application
UDP
IP
PPP
LAC
Link
Layer
(OSI 2)
LAC Protocol
MAC
Control
State
Packet Data
Application
High Speed
Circuit Network
Layer Services
Null LAC
Best Effort Delivery RLP
MAC
Multiplexing
Physical
layer
(OSI 1)
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QoS Control
Physical Layer
63
Unique to cdma2000
UMTS Spectrum Allocation
IMT-2000
TDD
IMT-2000
TDD
GSM 1800
DL
DECT
IMT-2000
UL
IMT-2000
DL
MSS
UL
MSS
DL
Europe
PHS
IMT-2000
DL
IMT-2000
UL
Japan
IS-95
DL
IMT-2000
DL
IMT-2000
UL
Korea
PCS/DL
PCS/UL
USA
1800
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1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
64
WCDMA Circuit Switched Protocols
CM
CM
MM
MM
RRC
RRC
CODEC RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
Phy-up
Phy-up
RANAP
RANAP
Q.2630.1
ALCAP
NBAP
FP SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI
PHY
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ALCAP
SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI FP
SSCOP
SSCOP
SSCOP
SSCOP
AAL5
AAL5
AAL5
AAL5
Q.2150.1
SCCP
SCCP
Q.2150.1
MTP3b
MTP3B
MTP3B
MTP3b
SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI
Iu
UP
SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
SSCOP
SSCOP
SSCOP
AAL5
AAL5
AAL5
AAL5
PHY
AAL2
UE
NBAP
Iu
UP
Q.2630.1
AAL2
AAL2
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
PHY
PHY
PHY
PHY
Node B
RNC
AAL2
Core
65
WCDMA PACKET CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS
Uu
Iub
SM
GMM
RRC
RLC
MAC-cd
PHY-up
PHY
PHY
CDMA
CDMA
UE/MTE
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FP
ALCAP NBAP
SSSAR SAAL SAAL
AAL2 AAL5 AAL5
ATM
PHY
NODE B
Iu-ps
RRC
RLC
MAC-cd
PHY-up
NBAP ALCAP
FP
SAAL SAAL SSSAR
AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
ATM
PHY
RNC
SGSN
66
WCDMA PACKET USER PLANE PROTOCOLS
Uu
Iub
Iu-ps
IP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY-up
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY-up
PHY
PHY
CDMA
CDMA
FP
ALCAP
ALCAP
FP
AAL2
SAAL
SAAL
AAL2
ATM
PHY
UE/MTE
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NODE B
ATM
PHY
RNC
SGSN
67
HSDPA Protocol Architecture
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC-D
MAC-c/sh
MAChs
PHY
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PHY
Uu
HSDSCH
FP
HSDSCH
FP
HSDSCH
FP
HSDSCH
FP
L2
L2
L2
L2
L1
L1
L1
L1
Iub
Iur
68
IMS Architecture
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Standards
IEEE 802.11a and b: Wireless LAN (WiFi)
IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN (Bluetooth)
IEEE 802.16d and e: Wireless MAN (WiMAX)
IS-41: Inter-systems operation (TIA/EIA-41)
IS-54: 1st Gen (US) TDMA; 6 users per 30 KHz
channel
IS-88: CDMA
IS-91: Analog Callular air interface
IS-93: Wireless to PSTN Interface
IS-95: TIA for CDMA (US) (Cdmaone)
IS-124: Call detail and billing record
IS-136: 2nd Genr TDMA (TDMA control channel)
IS-637: CDMA Short Message Service (SMS)
IS-756: TIA for Wireless Network Portability
(WNP)
IS-2000: cdma2000 air interface (follow on to
TIA/EIA 95-B)
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Glossary
3GPP:3G Partnership Project
AAA:Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
AMR:Adaptive Multi Rate (Speech Codec)
ANSI:American National Standards Institute
ARIB:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
(Japan)
BRAN:Broadband Radio Access Network (HYPERLAN
2) 2.5 Mbps
CAMEL:Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced
Logic
CDMA:Code Division Multiple Access
CWTS: China Wireless Telecommunications Standards
group (China)
ECMA:European Computer Manufacturers Association
EDGE:Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
ETSI:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FDD:Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access
GGSN:Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSC:Gateway MSC
GPRS:General Packet Radio Service
GSM:Global System for Mobile communication
GTP:GPRS Tunneling Protocol
HIPERLAN:High Performance Radio Local Area Network
HLR:Home Location Register
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data
HYPERLAN: High Performance Radio Access network
IMSI:International Mobile Subscriber Identity
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IMT:International Mobile Telecommunications
ITU:International Telecommunications Union
OVSF:Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
PDN:Public Data Network
PLMN:Public Land Mobile Network
PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network
QoS:Quality of Service
RAB:Radio Access Bearer
RNC:Radio Network Controller
RRC:Radio Resource Control
SGSN:Servicing GPRS Support Node
SIM:Subscriber Identity Module
TDD:Time Division Duplex
TDMA:Time Division Multiple Access
TTA:Telecommunications Technology Association
(Korea)
TTC:Telecommunications Technology
Commission (Japan)
UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System
UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VoIP:Voice over Internet Protocol
WCDMA:Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network
WWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network
71
References
1. www.3gpp.org
2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala, John Wiley, 2001
3. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed. F.Muratore, John Wiley, 2001
4. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad,
Artech House, 2001
5. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing House of Electronics Industry,
Beijing, 2002
6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit, Addison-Wesley, 2000
7. www.mobileinfo.com
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