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Ninja Iceberg Endeavour Sahara The Services-Enabled Internet: Implications for Mobile Wireless Networks Randy H. Katz The United Microelectronics Corporation Distinguished Professor Computer Science Division, EECS Department University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-1776 USA [email protected] Some slides contributed by Prof. Eric Brewer and Dr. Steve McCanne 1 Presentation Outline • • • • • Convergence, Divergence, Competition The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet Services-Enabled Networks Implications for Mobile Wireless Networks Summary and Conclusions 2 Presentation Outline • • • • • Convergence, Divergence, Competition The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet Services-Enabled Internet Implications for Mobile Wireless Networks Summary and Conclusions 3 Evolution of the Computer First Color TV Broadcast, 1953 HBO Launched, 1972 Telephone, 1876 Interactive TV, 1990 Early Wireless Phones, 1978 Computer + Modem 1957 First PC Altair, 1974 IBM PC, 1981 Handheld Portable Phones, 1990 Apple Apple IBM Mac, Powerbook, Thinkpad, 1984 1990 1992 Eniac, 1947 HP Palmtop, 1991 Pentium PC, 1993 Apple Newton, 1993 Red Herring, 10/99 4 Evolution of the Computer Atari Home Pong, 1972 Pentium PC, 1993 Game Consoles Personal Digital Assistants Digital VCRs (TiVo, ReplayTV) Communicators Smart Telephones E-Toys (Furby, Aibo) Network Computer, 1996 Free PC, 1999 Sega Dreamcast, 1999 Internet-enabled Smart Phones, 1999 Pentium II PC, 1997 Apple iMac, 1998 Palm VII PDA, 1999 Proliferation of diverse end devices and access networks Red Herring, 10/99 5 Information Appliances • Different design constraints based on intended use, enhances ease of use – – – – – – – – Desktop PC Mobile PC Desktop “Smart” Phone Mobile Telephone Personal Digital Assistant Set-top Box Digital VCR … • Implications: – Shift from computer design to consumer design – Heterogeneous “standards,” hybrid networking – Interactive networking, access on demand, QoS 6 Presentation Outline • • • • • Convergence, Divergence, and Competition The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet Services-Enabled Internet Implications for Mobile Wireless Networks Summary and Conclusions 7 Network “Cloud” 8 Regional Nets + Backbone Regional Net Regional Net Regional Net Backbone Regional Net Regional Net LAN LAN Regional Net LAN 9 Backbones + NAPs + ISPs ISP ISP ISP NAP Backbones Business ISP LAN LAN NAP ISP Consumer ISP LAN Dial-up 10 Core Networks + Access Networks DSL Always on Cable Head Ends @home Covad Cingular Cell Cell Cell LAN NAP Core Networks NAP ISP Satellite Fixed Wireless Sprint LAN AOL LAN Dial-up 11 Computers Inside the Core DSL Always on Cable Head Ends @home Covad Cingular Cell Cell Cell LAN NAP NAP ISP Satellite Fixed Wireless Sprint LAN AOL LAN Dial-up 12 New Internet Services Business Model Applications (Portals, E-Commerce, E-Tainment, Media) Appl Infrastructure Services (Distribution, Caching, Searching, Hosting) AIP ISV Application-specific Servers (Streaming Media, Transformation) ASP Internet Data Centers ISP CLEC Application-specific Overlay Networks (Multicast Tunnels, Mgmt Svrcs) Global Packet Network Internetworking (Connectivity) 13 Presentation Outline • • • • • Convergence, Divergence, Competition The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet Services-Enabled Internet Implications for Mobile Wireless Networks Summary and Conclusions 14 Services Within the Network: Content Distribution “Internet Grid” Parallel Network Backbones Internet Exchange Points Co-Location Scalable Servers Web Caches 15 Services in the Internet: Napster, Gnutella, Freenet, … • Something more than illegally sharing RIP’d music and videos from CDs and DVDs … • Cooperative construction of directories – Peer-to-peer computing vs. client-server computing – No centralized index/performance hot spot/target for denial of service attack, etc. – BUT existing “chatty” implementations generate a lot of network traffic • Technologies will evolve for efficient sharing of information within communities – E.g., Lotus Notes, newsgroups, etc. – Linking library catalogs together 16 Services Within the Network: Streaming Media Broadcasters Content Broadcast Network Content Distribution Through Multicast Overlay Network Load Balancing Thru Server Redirection; Edge Servers Inter-ISP Redirection Peering Redirection Fabric Content Broadcast Management Platform and Tools Clients Steve McCanne 17 Enabled by ApplicationSpecific Overlay Networks E.g., solve the multicast management and peering problems by moving up the protocol stack Isolated multicast clouds multicast cloud multicast cloud multicast cloud multicast cloud multicast cloud Traditional unicast peering Steve McCanne 18 Application-Level Servers/Routers Solve the multicast management and peering problems by moving up the protocol stack Steve McCanne 19 Presentation Outline • • • • • Convergence, Divergence, Competition The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet Services-Enabled Internet Implications for Mobile Wireless Networks Summary and Conclusions 20 The iMode Story • 21 million+ Internet-capable cellular phone subscribers • NTTDoCoMo has become the world’s largest ISP! • Most frequent used applications: – – – – Voice conversations Text messages Animated cartoons Specialized ringing tones • Japanese teenagers, especially females, driving the competitive development of new services! – Services have the half-life of “fashion” 21 Huge Expense of New Telecomms Infrastructures • Auctions for 3G spectrum: 150 billion ECU; Capital outlays may match spectrum expenses, all before first revenue • Build it, but will they come? – Compelling services make the difference • Alternative business model – Collaborative deployment of wireless infrastructure – Competitive provisioning of services • Better way to build a network? … – Partition frequencies based on subscriber density – Eliminate duplicate antenna sites – Leverage common backhaul networks 22 Business Unusual: Coopetition Virtual Operator “leases” frequencies from a Real Operator, on-demand, based on the density of its subscribers Subscriber-Less Cell Site Operators Access Network Access Network Backhaul Network PSTN Network Backhaul Network Internet 23 The Case for Horizontal Architectures “The new rules for success will be to provide one part of the puzzle and to cooperate with other suppliers to create the complete solutions that customers require. ... [V]ertical integration breaks down when innovation speeds up. The big telecoms firms that will win back investor confidence soonest will be those with the courage to rip apart their monolithic structure along functional layers, to swap size for speed and to embrace rather than fear disruptive technologies.” The Economist Magazine, 16 December 2000 24 Application Services in the Mobile Wireless Network • Enabling more user-centered/adaptive apps – – – – – – – – User preference management services Application coordination services Context-awareness services Content-localization services Mobility-model extraction services Content adaptation to access network performance Content adaptation to access client capabilities Storage migration in response to user mobility • Special about mobile wireless? – Exploitation of location and mobility – Resource constrained nature of wireless environment 25 Infrastructure Services in the Mobile Wireless Network • Forming dynamic confederations – Discovering confederates, establishing trust • Open service/resource allocation model – – – – Service creation, establishment, placement; Exchange resources, capabilities, status; Allocate based on economic methods; Manage trust among participants; • Service brokering – Dynamically construct overlays on component services provided by underlying service providers – Redirect to alternative service instances 26 A New Kind of Services-Enabled Internet • Push services towards edges: caches, content distribution, localization • Construct service networks from third parties or confederations: greater support among mobile operators than conventional ISPs • Manage redirection, not routes: key to service-level peering • New applications-specific protocols • Twilight of the end-to-end argument? – Trusted service providers/network intermediaries – Service providers create own application-specific overlays, e.g., cache and streaming media content distribution 27 The Case for Edge Services • • • • • • • Wide-area bandwidth “unlimited and for free” Increasing b/w over access networks Faster, more predictable response time Scale, resistance to crippling denial of service attacks Integrate localized content, exploit local context Near client, inside access provider, not server Examples: – – – – – – Caching: exploits response time, b/w efficiency, high local b/w Filtering: form of local content transformation Internet TV: b/w efficiency, high local b/w, predictable response Transformation: adapt content for end user/diverse access devices Software Rental: exploits high local b/w Games, chat rooms, …. 28 Presentation Outline • • • • • Convergence, Divergence, Competition The Unexpected Evolution of the Internet Services-Enabled Internet Implications for Mobile Wireless Networks Summary and Conclusions 29 The Service-Enabled Internet/ Post-PC Era • Not about specific Information Appliances • Services spanning access networks, to achieve high performance/manage end device diversity • Builds on the New Internet – Opening up of the connectivity “cloud” – Embedding computing in the communications fabric • Pervasive support for “intelligent” services – Near you for faster access, more personalized, more localized – Scalable to deal with surges in demand as needed 30 Emerging Reference Architecture Constraint Specification Distributed Application Marshal Resources Based on Economic Constraints Service Registration Service Placement Service Path Broker Server Broker Perf Measurement Service Verify SLAs Path Provider (ISP Cloud) Path Provider (ISP Path Provider (ISPCloud) Cloud) Adapt Service Redirection Pricing Service Server Registration Advertisement Registration Path Provider (ISP Cloud) Path Provider (ISP Cloud) Server Center Provider 31 A New Research Agenda • New Kind of “Quality of Service” – Perceived quality depends on services in the network – Manage caches, redistributors, latency – Cost/complexity of Service Management? • Bandwidth no longer an issue – – – – Tier 1 ISP backbones rapidly moving towards OC 192 (9.6 gbs!) Better interconnection: hops across ASs decreasing over time Broadband access networks: cable, DSL, 3G wireless, ... End-to-end latency/server load dominate performance – – – – Overlay services: IP Multicast, DNS, … Rethinking the End-to-End Principle Service/content-level peering, just like routing-level peering Secure end-to-end connection compatible with service model? • Supporting Old Services in the New Internet 32