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Trends in Network Evolution Igor Faynberg, Ph.D. Hui-Lan Lu, Ph.D. Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies Multimedia Convergence Workshop Geneva, 2002 Slide 1, hlu & faynberg Outline Introduction Internet – – – – Original Requirements Architectural Principles Hourglass model New requirements Some observations An evolvable solution Slide 2, hlu & faynberg An Increasingly Connected World About a billion wireless subscribers in the world today, growing about 20% per year 3 Billions A century to install the world’s first 700 million phone lines; 700 million more lines over the next 15-20 years About 300 million Cable TV subscribers in the world today, growing about 6% per year More than 400 million Internet users in the world today, growing about 20% per year 90 million km of fiber deployed in 2000 – enough to circle the globe 2250 times – bringing the installed base to about 400 million km Global Access Lines Wireless Cable Wireline 2 1 0 1958 1000 Millions 1978 1998 2005 Global Internet Users 800 600 400 200 0 1995 Slide 3, hlu & faynberg 2000 2005 Requirements for the Original Internet high importance Existing networks must be interconnected with an effective multiplexing technique The interconnected network must continue to function despite partial network failures The resultant architecture must low importance Slide 4, hlu & faynberg – Support multiple types of communications applications – Accommodate a variety of networks – Permit distributed management of its resources – Be cost effective – Permit host attachment with a low level of effort – Be able to account for the resources used The Internet A basic component is routers, which interconnect distinguishable networks by storing and forwarding packets ... IP Network 1 Gateway IP Network 4 IP Network 2 IP Network 3 Slide 5, hlu & faynberg Internet Architectural Principles (RFC1958) Emphasize intelligence at the edges (i.e., fate sharing), distributed processing, dynamic (versus static) solutions, and modularity Support accommodation of multiple network types Are inherently hostile to the needs of Internet-wide realtime multimedia applications Are not a religion (RFC 1958 is informational) Slide 6, hlu & faynberg The End-to-End Argument The function in question can completely and correctly be implemented only with the knowledge and help of the application standing at the end points of the communication system. Therefore, providing that questioned function as a feature of the communication system itself is not possible. (Sometimes an incomplete version of the function provided by the communication system may be useful as a performance enhancement.) (J. H. Saltzer et al., “End-to-end Arguments in System Design”) Move functions up and out Make the network as transparent as possible Slide 7, hlu & faynberg The Internet Hourglass • A single data delivery • • • service at network layer maximizes interoperability and minimizes the number of service interfaces Minimum function (besteffort packet forwarding) at network layer allows the network to scale easily A single global address space is accessible to all Shielding network details from upper layers fosters application innovation email WWW telephony... SMTP HTTP RTP... TCP UDP… IP 802.2 PPP… CSMA SONET... copper fiber radio... (Source: Steve Deering’s presentation at the IAB Plenary, 51st IETF ) Slide 8, hlu & faynberg Out of Shape? email WWW telephony... email WWW telephony... email WWW telephony... SMTP HTTP RTP... SMTP HTTP RTP... SMTP HTTP RTP... TCP UDP… TCP UDP… TCP UDP… IP + mcast IP IP ATM + QoS +... 802.2 PPP… 802.2 802.2 PPP… CSMA SONET... CSMA SONET... CSMA SONET... copper fiber radio... copper fiber radio... copper fiber radio... (Source: Steve Deering’s presentation at the IAB Plenary, 51st IETF ) Slide 9, hlu & faynberg Factors Changing the Internet Growing size of the routing table More-demanding applications, such as – Media streaming – Multimedia conferencing New types of endpoint devices, such as – Personal digital assistants – Cell phones – Appliances Assured operation in an untrustworthy world Service provider service differentiation 3rd party intervention (e.g., wiretapping) Less-sophisticated users Slide 10, hlu & faynberg Some Observations IP has become the public UNI for networking-service access. Separate specialized networks are evolving to multi-service networks that have a packet/optical core. MPLS is a key technology to enable the packet core to deliver better- than-best-effort, manageable and billable services. The synthesis of the Internet philosophy (Intelligence only at the edges) and Telecom philosophy (Intelligence only at the network) is Global Services through coexistence and cooperation of the Intelligence in Networks with the Intelligence at the Edges! National and international regulations are adapting to address issues on, for example, open access, fair competition, intellectual properties rights, security and privacy. The standards organizations should cooperate in defining interfaces and building blocks for ubiquitous intelligence. Slide 11, hlu & faynberg An Evolvable Solution --Intelligence in every layer Control Bearer Application Layer Application Services Internet Service Control Layer Softswitch Control IP Service Switching Network Transport Layer Media Gateways PSTN Broadband Access Multiservice Packet Switching RAS X DSLAM GbE Frame/ ATM Access Network CPE Wireless Slide 12, hlu & faynberg X Metro Optical X X X X X Optical Core X Core network X X