Download How Ethernet becomes industrial

Workshop : Ethernet as a fieldbus
Genève – Friday 28th September 2001
How Ethernet becomes industrial
Prof. Bernard Jouga - Supélec, Rennes – France
[email protected]
You said Ethernet…
Ethernet offers
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A level 1 specification : cabling systems, physical
layer… in several versions
A level 2 specification : Medium Access Control…
in several versions
So many differences between vintage Ethernet
and future Ethernet !
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… What do you mean ?
Ethernet doesn’t offer
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A complete stack up to applications, neither for the
office nor for the plant !
One standard solution for determinism and QoS
issues (not yet ?)
One standard solution for connecting in industrial
environment (not yet ?)
One standard solution for redundancy management
A satisfying solution for accurate stations
synchronization
As many Ethernet solutions as network vendors ?
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The everlasting confusion
"I need Ethernet if I need a network able
to support TCP/IP applications"
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Agenda
Determinism and Qos with Ethernet
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"Vintage" Ethernet
Switched Ethernet
 Which QoS implementation ?
An overview of vendors proposals
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Fieldbus interconnection with Ethernet/TCP/IP
Fieldbus protocols over Ethernet/TCP/IP
IDA proposal
Just one word about security
What are the real cost parameters
Conclusion
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Vintage Ethernet
Frame broadcasting
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Along coaxial cables (10 BAS 5, 10 BAS 2)
Through multiports hubs (10 BAS T, 100 BAS T)
Collision occurrences
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Function of the network size, the traffic load, the
average frame size
20% traffic load : 0,1% collisions
40% traffic load : 5% collisions
Non deterministic packet loss and packet delays
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Switched Ethernet
10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps
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10 Gbps in the labs !
Frame switching on dedicated ports
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On the fly / Store and forward
Half duplex /Full duplex
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Level 2
Back Pressure
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Operates in half duplex mode
A saturated port sends jam patterns (busy
indicator) to the connected equipment,
enforcing the station to Listen Before Talk
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No traffic discrimination

STOP
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Level 2
802.3x Flow Control
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Operates in full duplex mode
A saturated port sends PAUSE packets to
the connected equipment
No traffic discrimination
PAUSE
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Level 2
802.1p CoS
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Operates in half or full duplex modes
IEEE 802.1Q defines the general architecture for
Virtual LANs and the VLAN protocol.
IEEE 802.1p defines Classes of Services
Not supported by end-stations adapters
Most switches will not manage the 8 Cos (2 or 4)
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Level 3
DiffServ
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Differenciated Services
End points managed
Uses IPv4 ToS or IPv6 priority field
64 possible levels
Needs for adequate switches/routers and
adapted applications
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TCP/IP
IntServ
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Integrated Services
Routers managed
Based on application identification (IPv4
sockets or IPv6 Data Flow Id)
3 levels of services
Uses RSVP Resource reserVation Protocol
to mark a path of reserved ressources for
an application flow
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Conclusion on QoS
Management
So many strategies to avoid
or minimize packets loss
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IEEE 802.1p : a transient solution ?
DiffServ bind to IPv6 deployment ?
No future for IntServ ?
Products are just coming on the market
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Switched Ethernet:
a case study (1/2)
Ethernet Switch
Station
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Station
Station
Station
Station
Station
6 stations, cyclically generating realtime 200 bytes
packets, "tagged" high priority
100 Mbps full duplex links
One store & forward switch with an average 10 s
nominal latency
Coexistence with low priority traffic
Compute the worst case total latency for a RT packet
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Switched Ethernet:
a case study (2/2)
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16 s store & forward
10 s nominal switch latency
122 s flushing (the station can be at this
moment transmitting a low priority max
size frame)
80 s queue emptying (5 RT packets
already in queue)
TOTAL = 228 s
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Transmission delays
Yet an another issue !
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In complex architectures, end-to-end
delays may be lengthened by
 Gateways
 Proxys
…
An argument for small/average size network
domains
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Agenda
Determinism and Qos with Ethernet


"Vintage" Ethernet
Switched Ethernet
 Which QoS implementation ?
An overview of vendors proposals



Fieldbus interconnection with Ethernet/TCP/IP
Fieldbus protocols over Ethernet/TCP/IP
IDA proposal
Just one word about security
What are the real cost parameters
Conclusion
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Vendors proposal
first scheme (1/2)
"I offer solutions to interconnect my fieldbus
and Ethernet"
A good idea …
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Profinet (Siemens)
WorldFIP
…
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Vendors proposal
first scheme (2/2)
But not so simple…
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Can I support IP applications on the fieldbus,
without disturbing real time traffic ?
Can I forward fieldbus protocol messages through
Ethernet segments ?
Can I have an integrated solution for the networks
management ?
Delays introduced by proxies and gateway
The vendor must offer a complete solution !
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Vendors proposals
second scheme (1/3)
"I take my classic Fieldbus protocol and carry
it on Ethernet with TCP or UDP"
A good idea …
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Modbus/TCP (Schneider)
Ethernet/IP (Rockwell, IAONA)
HSE (Fieldbus Foundation)
WorldFIP EtherFIP
…
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Vendors proposals
second scheme (2/3)
But not so simple…
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TCP/IP protocol stack is designed for Client/server
application, not for 1 producer/N Consumers
exchanges
Needs switched Ethernet to insure determinism
Needs QoS management if mixed traffic with other
IP applications is needed
How manage full redundancy if needed ?
How manage station synchronization if needed ?
The protocol encapsulation specification is not
enough !
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Vendors proposals
second scheme (3/3)
For sure not the cheapest solution !
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Needs for industrial packaged Ethernet
products
Needs engineering skill if hard real time
constraints
What is the value added for the end
user ?
All this stuff doesn't make the initial fieldbus
protocol better !
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IDA proposal (1/2)
Interface for Distributed Automation
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NDDS, Network Data Delivery Service
Middleware
 Covering OSI layers 4 to 7
 Producer/Consumer Model
 Broadcast and Multicast
 Adapted to real time traffic
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IDA Proposal (2/2)
Programming Interface
UDP
Download
Diagnostics
HTTP
Alarm
SMTP
Event
(T)FTP
Image
Parametrization
SNMP
Process
NDDS
System Management
IDA Object Model
TCP
IP
Ethernet
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Conclusion on Proposals
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Various solutions…
For various uses ?
Most of them not yet mature
What future for IEEE 1451 ?
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Agenda
Determinism and Qos with Ethernet


"Vintage" Ethernet
Switched Ethernet
 Which QoS implementation ?
An overview of vendors proposals



Fieldbus interconnection with Ethernet/TCP/IP
Fieldbus protocols over Ethernet/TCP/IP
IDA proposal
Just one word about security
What are the real cost parameters
Conclusion
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September 2001
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Security Issues
Do not mistake Ethernet and Internet !
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Consider the plant floor network as an Intranet
Networks manufacturers & designers have the knowhow
There are solutions to secure private IP networks
(I hope that) plant floor networks (will) make use of
them
Do not mistake Security and safety !
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Fieldbus manufacturers have the know-how
Mechanisms used to provide safety in classic fieldbus
have to be implemented in Ethernet solutions
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Agenda
Determinism and Qos with Ethernet


"Vintage" Ethernet
Switched Ethernet
 Which QoS implementation ?
An overview of vendors proposals



Fieldbus interconnection with Ethernet/TCP/IP
Fieldbus protocols over Ethernet/TCP/IP
IDA proposal
Just one word about security
What are the real cost parameters
Conclusion
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Cost parameters (1/3)
Engineering costs
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Components standardization
Well-known design rules
Equipement costs
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Off-the-shelf components / Customs components
Proprietary protocols / open standards
Installation costs
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Number of different networks
Number of cabling systems
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Cost parameters (2/3)
Commissioning costs
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Operators training
System testing
Proven technology & solid design
Maintenance costs
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Various components resellers
Automatic discovery of new components
Avaibility of remote configuration & testing devices
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Cost parameters (3/3)
Operating costs
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Minimization of operating HMIs
Automatic cold & warm start
Evolution Costs
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Agenda
Determinism and Qos with Ethernet


"Vintage" Ethernet
Switched Ethernet
 Which QoS implementation ?
An overview of vendors proposals



Fieldbus interconnection with Ethernet/TCP/IP
Fieldbus protocols over Ethernet/TCP/IP
IDA proposal
Just one word about security
What are the real cost parameters
Conclusion
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So, Why Ethernet ?
Alternative vs. The "Fieldbus War" ?
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Guarantee of durability
Multiple vendors could decrease costs
Seamless data paths
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From the plant-floor to the office
For controllers, PLCs and ERP Systems
One network type
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One technical expertise
A global network management
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One Network fits all : an
utopia ?
The market today : proprietary solutions
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Specific network hardware
Specific protocols
More or less compatible devices
Vendors differences based on technical performances
A challenge for setting a new market ?
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COTS network hardware
One standard protocol for RT applications
A large range of Ethernet devices
Vendors differences based on value added services
A new space for systems integrators ?
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Questions ?
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