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Evolving Concepts of Wide
Area Measurements in the
Electric Power Industry
R. Jay Murphy
Macrodyne Inc.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
1
WAMS Definition
Real Time, Synchronized Data
Acquisition used to Dynamically
Control, Monitor, and Manage
Power Grid Network Performance
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
2
WAMS Driving Forces
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Large Interconnected Networks
August 1996
August 2003
Rapid Network Expansion
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
3
WAMS Facilitation
• Hardware Evolution
• GPS Network
• Communication Infrastructure
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
4
WAMS Networks
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•
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WECC
CFE Mexico
North East China Power
Eastern Interconnect PP
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
5
WAMS Issues and Solutions
Power Grid Information, Communication Foundation
System-wide Controller
OMU
Area Monitoring
DPA
Cluster Monitoring
MSU
DPM
GPS
UDC
UDC
UDC
Lack of the Information,
Communication
!!!
DDB
DDB Foundation
SGU (gateway)
NTP Server
SGU (gateway)
SGU (gateway)
SGU (gateway)
Substation 1
PMU
DFR
Relay
Substation 2
PMU
DFR
......
Substation n
PMU
Relay
•August 9, 2004
DFR
Relay
IEEE Toronto
6
Substation Devices + Communication Network +
Applications
PMU
PMU
DFR
DFR
IDE
SGU
DDB
WEB
• Support current WSCC
applications and 3rd party
application with API
• Unlimited MIPS for Real
Time DPM
OMU
DPA
IDE
SGU
DDB
WEB
DPA
OMU
DPM
Networks
UDC
DDB
WEB
DPA
UDC
DDB
WEB
• Large-scale, multi-input & multi-output
• IP based Network focusing on real time
data flow (QoS)
• Scalable, Integrated and complete turn
key solution
• Center Management & Distributed Opt.
• Resource & Information Sharing
• Embedded DDB & WEB Server
• Support both Legacy and advanced IEDs
• Compliant with current WSCC and IEEE
1344 (R2001), IEEE C37.118 Standards
WSCC:
PSM Tool kits
Prony & Ringdown
Stream Reader
Spectrum Analyzer
etc. IEEE Toronto
•August 9, 2004
7
WAMS
Real time wide area synchronized
phasor measurements such as those
from PMUs, allow for innovative
solutions to traditional utility problems.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
8
WAMS
Advanced Network Protection
based upon synchronized phasor
measurements can be implemented,
with options for improving overall
system response to catastrophic
events.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
9
WAMS
Advanced Control Schemes using
remote feedback become possible in
order to improve the performance of
the controllers.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
10
WAMS
Power System Monitoring and
Analysis are much improved
because precise snapshots of the
system states are obtained through
GPS synchronization.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
11
WAMS
Precise Measurements of the
Power System State can be
obtained at frequent intervals so that
dynamic phenomena can be grasped
at the control center, and appropriate
control actions taken.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
12
WAMS
An early application of WAMS
information will be ensuring both
Voltage and Dynamic Security on
the power system.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
13
WAMS
Advanced Network Protection:
The availability of wide area
measurements in real time offers
much advancement in power system
protection. Excluding pilot schemes,
most protection today relies on a
pre-defined system study with
certain assumptions. Use of real
time data from different points could
greatly reduce the chance of system
error.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
14
WAMS
Advanced Control: Numbers of
controllable devices are being
installed by the electric utility industry.
Examples are: Power System
Stabilizers, Static VAR
Compensators, HVDC links, and
Unified Power Flow Controllers.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
15
WAMS
The tasks of these controllers are to
act in such a way that the defined
control objective functions are
optimized. For example, a power
system stabilizer may have as its
objective the damping of
electromechanical oscillations in the
power system. The objective of an
SVC controller may be to improve the
voltage profile at certain critical buses
in the network.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
16
WAMS
In all cases, the controllers use
locally derived signals as feedback.
Since the phenomenon being
controlled is often defined in terms of
wide-area system variables, present
day controllers depend upon a
mathematical model of the control
process, the system dynamics, and
the relationship between the local
variables and system state.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
17
WAMS
Synchronized phasor measurements
offer a unique opportunity to bring in
the remote measurements of system
state vector to the controller, and thus
remove the uncertainty associated
with the mathematical model from the
control loop.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
18
WAMS
Through this, the controller becomes
primarily feedback-based, rather
than model-based, in its
implementation.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
19
WAMS
Advanced System Monitoring: To
date, most monitoring has been
relegated to post mortem analysis of
catastrophic events on power
systems. The extreme time accuracy
of PMUs can greatly enhance this
analysis if the units are widely
deployed throughout the system and
easily accessible.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
20
WAMS
However, one area that has not
received excessive analysis is the
application of wide area sensors on a
utility global level for on-line analysis.
This type of system could
revolutionize the way that present
utility systems are operated and
interact.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
21
WAMS
These types of networks can provide
real time monitoring, analysis,
control, and trading potential for
an area or even a country.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
22
WAMS
One of the most important
elements of modern Energy
Management Systems currently
deployed by electric utility
companies is the State Estimation of
the power system from real-time
measurements.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
23
WAMS
The state of the power system is
defined as the collection of the
positive sequence voltages at all the
network buses obtained
simultaneously.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
24
WAMS
The technology of state estimation
currently in use was developed in the
1960s, and is based on
measurements that are
unsynchronized. This results in a
nonlinear equation that must be
solved on-line to estimate the state of
the system.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
25
WAMS
Consequently, the state vector
estimated in the present technology
is updated on a periodic basis, and is
incapable of providing information
about the dynamic state of the power
system.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
26
WAMS
Synchronized phasor measurements
provide a completely new opportunity to
re-cast the entire state estimation process.
With the use of the technology, much of
the uncertainty and approximation
inherent in the present state estimation
systems will be removed, and the utilities
will be in a position to move on to
advanced static and dynamic
contingency analyses of their network
in real-time.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
27
WAMS
This new approach to system state
estimation, or state measurement,
could revolutionize the way systems
are operated. System loading,
intelligent adaptive contingency
analysis, load shedding, stability
and other applications could be
greatly improved.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
28
WAMS
Another extension of the dynamic
state measurement is transaction
clearing for energy trading. Instead
of relying on “estimated” power
system values from competing state
estimators, the energy exchange
could use the synchronized
measurement technology, coupled
with high-speed data
transmission networks to provide
this information in real time.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
29
WAMS
Future applications will be automatic
controls to prevent or mitigate system
disturbances, and operation planning
assistance. Equipment outage data can
be used in maintenance optimization.
WAMS will coordinate with existing
software and with FACTS devices.
Benefits include faster access to realtime information, enhanced automated
control, increased asset utilization, and
enhanced reliability.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
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WAMS - Adaptive Relay
• Changing Operating Levels Affect Ideal Relay
Settings
• Phase Angle Across Network Can be Utilized to
Adjust Under Frequency Trip Levels
• Modification to PMU Firmware Allows Output of Relay
Trip Setting
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
31
Adaptive Relay
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
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Adaptive Relay
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
33
Active Disturbance Damping
• Northwest US Develops Oscillation with
Southwest.
• Low Frequency Oscillations may Lead to
System Breakup.
• Power Transfer Levels Must be Reduced to
Inhibit Instability.
• Active Modulation of DC Intertie Permits
Increased Transfer while Maintaining Stability.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
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Active Disturbance Damping
WAMSWWW
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
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Model Verification
• Computer Models are Heavily Relied Upon to Predict
Transfer Capacity, Stability, and Transient
Performance.
• Faulty Models will Lead to Erroneous Action and
System Failure.
• PMUs Permit, not only Accurate State Measurement,
but Permit Comparison of Actual System Response
with Model Prediction.
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
36
Model Verification
Power swings on total California-Oregon Interconnection (COI) for WSCC breakup of
August 10, 1996. Standard WSCC model (MW).
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
37
NECP WAMS Project Phase I
方正
Fang Zheng
伊敏
Yi Min
沈阳
Shen Yang
哈南
Ha Nan
合心
He Xin
东丰
Dong Feng
元宝山
Yuan Bao Shan
绥中
Sui Zhong
锦州
Jin Zhou
• Three Provinces with
Population of 120 Million
• 500kV Power Grid, with
E1 (2Mbps) Fiber Optic
Network for WAMS
• 21 PMU (17 Macrodyne,
4 Sifang)
• 7 SGU, 1 UDC
• China EPRI App
• Phasor data stream rate
@ 50 frame/second
• Save 30 day of record w.
same rate
辽阳
Liao Yang
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
38
EASTERN INTERCONNECT PHASOR PROJECT
• RESPONSE TO AUGUST 14, 2003 EVENT
• DOE AND UTILITY FUNDED
• IMPLEMENTATION BY AUGUST, 2004
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
39
EASTERN INTERCONNECT PHASOR PROJECT
• AEP, ENTERGY, NYPA, TVA
• PDC DATA INTERCHANGE VIA IP
• 50 PMUs INTERCONNECTED
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
40
EASTERN INTERCONNECT PHASOR PROJECT
• INITIAL GOALS
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REAL-TIME DATA PRESENTATION
RAPID POST-MORTEM ANALYSIS
INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM ANALYSIS
NYPA STATE ESTIMATOR
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
41
EASTERN INTERCONNECT PHASOR PROJECT
• FUTURE GOALS
– REAL-TIME DATA ANALYSIS
– IMPROVED SYSTEM TRANSFER
– SYSTEM STATE MEASUREMENT
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
42
IMPLEMENTATION
• SPECIAL PROBLEMS
• SYSTEM UPGRADE
• NEW CONSTRUCTION
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
43
IMPLEMENTATION
• MOST BENEFITS ARE INCREMENTALLY
DERIVED
• COSTS ARE INCREMENTALLY INCURRED
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
44
Wide Area Measurement Systems
WAMS/IEEE TORONTO
August
` 9, 2004
QUESTIONS
•August 9, 2004
IEEE Toronto
45
CHIEF
JOESPH
SEATTLE/
TACOMA
AREA
GRAND
COULEE
NANEUM
MIDWAY
HARTFORD
TAFT
LOWER
MONUMENTAL
GARRISON
DWORSHAK
TOWNSEND
PORTLAND
AREA
BROADVIEW
BROADMAN
COLSTRIP
WSCC Grid
MEDFORD
GRIZZLY
SUMMERLAKE
MALIN
MIDPOINT
OLINDA
BORAH
BRADY
ROUND
MT.
BEN
LOMOND
JIM
LARMIE
BRIDGER RIVER STA.
VALMY
VACADIXON
TABLE MT.
CAMP
WILLIAMS
TRACY
CRAIG
INTERMOUNTAIN
BONANZA
DENVER
AREA
RIFLE
TESLA
SAN
FRANCISCO
AREA
SAN LUIS
SIGURD
HUNTER/
EMERY
HARRYALLEN
PINTO
REDBUTTE
GATES
MARKETPL ACE
MIDWAY
NAVAJ
O
GLEN
CANYON
DIABLO
CANYON
SAN JUAN
LOS
ANGELES
AREA
FOUR
CORNERS
DEVERS
CHOLLA
MIGUEL
CORONADO
WEST
MESA
BLACKWATER
SPRINGERVILLE
N.GILA
PALO
VERDE
PHOENIX
AREA
ARTESIA
GREENLEE
AMRAD
VAIL
DIABLO
•August 9, 2004
CALIENTE
IEEE Toronto
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