Download CCNA 1 Module 11 TCP/IP Transport and Application

CCNA 1 v3.0 Module 11
TCP/IP Transport and
Application Layers
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Objectives
TCP/IP Transport Layer
TCP/IP Application Layer
TCP/IP Transport Layer
Introduction to Transport
Layer
Five basic services:
 Segmenting upper-layer application
data
 Establishing end-to-end operations
 Transporting segments from one end
host to another end host
 Ensuring data reliability
 Providing flow control
Reliability
Flow Control
Avoids the problem of a host at one side of
the connection overflowing the buffers in the
host at the other side
Ensures the integrity of the data
Session Establishment
One function of the
transport layer is to
establish a connectionoriented session
between similar devices
at the application layer.
Session Maintenance and
Termination
Congestion can occur
during data transfer
To terminate, the
sending host sends a
signal that indicates
the end of the
transmission, which is
acknowledged by the
receiver.
Three-Way Handshake
Windowing
A method of controlling the amount of
information transferred end to end
Information can be measured in terms
of the number of packets or the number
of bytes
Window Size
TCP window sizes are variable during
the lifetime of a connection.
Larger window sizes increase
communication efficiency.
Acknowledgment
Positive acknowledgment requires a
recipient to communicate with the
source, sending back an
acknowledgment message when it
receives data.
Sender keeps a record of each data
packet that it sends and expects an
acknowledgment.
TCP Sequence and
Acknowledgment
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
The protocols that use TCP include:
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
 Telnet
TCP Segment Format
UDP
The protocols that use UDP include:
 TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
 SNMP (Simple Network Management
Protocol)
 DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol)
 DNS (Domain Name System)
UDP Segment Format
TCP and UDP Port Numbers
Both TCP and UDP use port (socket)
numbers to pass information to the
upper layers.
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
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Numbers below 1024 are considered
well-known ports numbers.
Numbers above 1024 are dynamically
assigned ports numbers.
Registered port numbers are those
registered for vendor-specific
applications. Most of these are above
1024.
TCP and UDP Port Numbers
TCP/IP Application Layer
Introduction to Application
Layer
Responsibilities of Application
Layer
Identifying and establishing the
availability of intended communication
partners
Synchronizing cooperating applications
Establishing agreement on procedures
for error recovery
Controlling data integrity
Application Layer Examples
Domain Name System
File Transfer Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Simple Mail Transport Protocol
Simple Network Management Protocol
Telnet
DNS
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a system
used for translating names of domains into IP
addresses.
There are more than 200 top-level domains on
the Internet, examples of which include the
following:
.us – United States
.gov – government sites
.uk – United Kingdom
.org – non-profit sites
.edu – educational sites
.net – network service
.com – commercial sites
FTP and TFTP
FTP is a reliable, connection-oriented
service that uses TCP to transfer files
between systems that support FTP.
TFTP is a connectionless service that uses
User Datagram Protocol (UDP).


TFTP is used on routers to transfer
configuration files and Cisco IOS images.
TFTP is designed to be small and easy to
implement.
HTTP
SMTP
E-mail servers communicate with each other
using the Simple Mail Transport Protocol
(SMTP) to send and receive mail.
SNMP
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an
application layer protocol that facilitates the exchange of
management information between network devices.
Telnet
Telnet client software provides the ability to log
in to a remote Internet host that is running a
Telnet server application and then to execute
commands from the command line.