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MAC layer
Taekyoung Kwon
Media access in wireless
- start with IEEE 802.11
• In wired link,
– Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection
– send as soon as the medium is free, listen into
the medium if a collision occurs (original method
in IEEE 802.3)
• In wireless
– Signal strength decreases in proportional to at
least square of the distance
– Collision detection only at receiver
– Half-duplex mode
– Furthermore, CS is not possible after
propagation range
Hidden terminal problem
• Hidden terminals
–
–
–
–
A sends to B, C cannot receive A
C wants to send to B, C senses a “free” medium (CS fails)
collision at B, A cannot receive the collision (CD fails)
A is “hidden” for C
A
B
C
Exposed terminal problem
• Exposed terminals
– B sends to A, C wants to send to D
– C has to wait, CS signals a medium in use
– but A is outside the radio range of C, thus
waiting is not necessary
– C is “exposed” to B
A
B
C
D
Multiple access methods
•
•
•
•
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
SDMA
ALOHA, Slotted-ALOHA
• Mechanism
– random, distributed (no central arbiter), time-multiplex
– Slotted Aloha additionally uses time-slots, sending must
always start at slot boundaries
• Aloha
collision
sender A
sender B
sender C
• Slotted Aloha
t
collision
sender A
sender B
sender C
t
MACA (multiple access
collision avoidance)
• MACA (Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance) uses short signaling packets
for collision avoidance
– RTS (request to send): a sender request the
right to send from a receiver with a short RTS
packet before it sends a data packet
– CTS (clear to send): the receiver grants the
right to send as soon as it is ready to receive
• aka, virtual carrier sense
MACA operation
• MACA avoids the problem of hidden terminals
– A and C want to
send to B
– A sends RTS first
– C waits after receiving
CTS from B
RTS
RTS
CTS
A
CTS
B
C
• MACA avoids the problem of exposed terminals
– B wants to send to A, C
to another terminal
– now C does not have
to wait for it cannot
receive CTS from A
RTS
CTS
RTS
CTS
A
B
C
PRMA
•Implicit reservation (PRMA - Packet Reservation MA)
– a certain number of slots form a frame, frames are repeated
– stations compete for empty slots according to the slotted
aloha principle
– once a station reserves a slot successfully, this slot is
automatically assigned to this station in all following frames
as long as the station has data to send
– competition for this slots starts again as soon as the slot was
empty in the last frame
reservation
ACDABA-F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ACDABA-F
frame1 A C D A B A
AC-ABAF-
frame2 A C
A---BAFD
frame3 A
B A F
ACEEBAFD
frame4 A
B A F D
time-slot
F
A B A
frame5 A C E E B A F D
collision at
reservation
attempts
t
IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN
infrastructure
network
AP
AP
wired network
ad-hoc network
AP: Access Point
802.11 infrastructure mode
•Station (STA)
802.11 LAN
802.x LAN
– terminal with access mechanisms to
the wireless medium and radio
contact to the access point
•Basic Service Set (BSS)
STA1
BSS1
Portal
Access
Point
•Access Point
Distribution System
Access
Point
ESS
– group of stations using the same
radio frequency
– station integrated into the wireless
LAN and the distribution system
•Portal
– bridge to other (wired) networks
BSS2
STA2
•Distribution System
802.11 LAN
STA3
– interconnection network to form one
logical network (ESS: Extended
Service Set) based
on several BSS
802.11 MAC requirements
802.11 MAC
• Traffic services
– Asynchronous Data Service (mandatory)
• exchange of data packets based on “best-effort”
• support of broadcast and multicast
– Time-Bounded Service (optional)
• implemented using PCF (Point Coordination Function)
• Access methods
– DFWMAC-DCF CSMA/CA (mandatory)
• collision avoidance via randomized back-off mechanism
• minimum distance between consecutive packets
• ACK packet for acknowledgements (not for broadcasts)
– DFWMAC-DCF w/ RTS/CTS (optional)
• Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC
• avoids hidden terminal problem
– DFWMAC- PCF (optional)
• access point polls terminals according to a list
802.11 layers
• PLCP
Physical Layer Convergence
Protocol
• MAC
– access mechanisms,
fragmentation, encryption
• MAC Management
– synchronization, roaming,
MIB, power management
– clear channel assessment
signal (carrier sense)
• PMD
Physical Medium Dependent
– modulation, coding
• PHY Management
– channel selection, MIB
• Station Management
– coordination of all
management functions
Infrastructure mode
fixed
terminal
mobile terminal
infrastructure
network
access point
application
application
TCP
TCP
IP
IP
LLC
LLC
LLC
802.11 MAC
802.11 MAC
802.3 MAC
802.3 MAC
802.11 PHY
802.11 PHY
802.3 PHY
802.3 PHY
802.11 MAC
• Priorities
– defined through different inter frame spaces
– no guaranteed, hard priorities
– SIFS (Short Inter Frame Spacing)
• highest priority, for ACK, CTS, polling response
– PIFS (PCF IFS)
• medium priority, for time-bounded service using PCF
– DIFS (DCF, Distributed Coordination Function IFS)
• lowest priority, for asynchronous data service
DIFS
DIFS
PIFS
medium busy
direct access if
medium is free  DIFS
SIFS
contention
next frame
t
802.11 CSMA/CA
DIFS
DIFS
contention window
(randomized back-off
mechanism)
medium busy
direct access if
medium is free  DIFS
next frame
t
slot time
– station ready to send starts sensing the medium (Carrier
Sense based on CCA, Clear Channel Assessment)
– if the medium is free for the duration of an Inter-Frame
Space (IFS), the station can start sending (IFS depends on
service type)
– if the medium is busy, the station has to wait for a free IFS,
then the station must additionally wait a random back-off
time (collision avoidance, multiple of slot-time)
– if another station occupies the medium during the back-off
time of the station, the back-off timer stops (fairness)
802.11 CSMA/CA:
contention resolution
DIFS
DIFS
station1
station2
DIFS
boe
bor
boe
busy
DIFS
boe bor
boe
busy
boe busy
boe bor
boe
boe
busy
station3
station4
boe bor
station5
busy
bor
t
busy
medium not idle (frame, ack etc.)
boe elapsed backoff time
packet arrival at MAC
bor residual backoff time
802.11 CSMA/CA: detailed
• Sending unicast packets
– station has to wait for DIFS before sending data
– receivers acknowledge at once (after waiting for
SIFS) if the packet was received correctly (CRC)
– automatic retransmission of data packets in case of
transmission errors
DIFS
sender
data
SIFS
receiver
ACK
DIFS
other
stations
waiting time
data
t
contention
802.11: RTS & CTS
• Sending unicast packets
– station can send RTS with reservation parameter after waiting for
DIFS (reservation determines amount of time the data packet
needs the medium)
– acknowledgement via CTS after SIFS by receiver (if ready to
receive)
– sender can now send data at once, acknowledgement via ACK
– other stations store medium reservations distributed via RTS and
CTS
DIFS
sender
RTS
data
SIFS
receiver
other
stations
CTS SIFS
SIFS
NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
defer access
ACK
DIFS
data
t
contention
802.11 beaconing
(infrastructure mode)
beacon interval
access
point
medium
B
B
busy
busy
B
busy
B
busy
t
value of the timestamp
B
beacon frame
802.11 beaconing (ad hoc
mode)
beacon interval
station1
B1
B1
B2
station2
medium
busy
busy
B2
busy
busy
t
value of the timestamp
B
beacon frame
random delay