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Future of Data Communication Some Famous Words “ I think there is a World market of for may be five computers” - Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM in 1943 “640k ought to be enough for anybody.” - Bill Gates 1981 “32bits should be enough address space for internet” - Vint Cerf, 1977 ( honorary Chairman of IPv6 Forum 2000) 2 Internet Protocol Transports a datagram from source host to destination, possibly via several intermediate nodes (“routers”) Service is: Unreliable: Losses, duplicates, out-of-order delivery Best effort: Packets not discarded capriciously, delivery failure not necessarily reported Connectionless: Each packet is treated independently 3 What is an IP address? • Each host on a TCP/IP network is uniquely identified at the IP layer with an address. • An Internet Protocol (IP) address specifies the location of a host or client on the Internet. • The IP address is also known as Protocol address • The IPv4 address is 32 bits long • The IPv6 address is 128 bit long Problems of IPv4 Addressing problem Routing Crisis End to End problem Security Mobility Performance Cost Address Crisis Routing Crisis End to End problem Mobility Security Problem 10 IPv6 Features Larger address space 2. Global reachability 3. Flexibility 4. Auto-configuration 5. Aggregation 6. Multi-homing 7. Efficient Routing 8. Scalability 9. Easy Mobility 10.Better security 1. IPv6 No more room in IPv4 Quite empty in IPv6 12 Larger Address Space 13 Global Reachability From 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables: – Global reachability: • No hidden networks, hosts • All hosts can be reachable and be "servers" 14 Flexibility From 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables: – Flexibility 15 Auto-Configuration • "Plug and play" – By autoconfiguration 5/25/2017 16 Aggregation • Aggregation 5/25/2017 17 Multi-homing 5/25/2017 18 Efficient Routing 5/25/2017 19 Scalability 5/25/2017 20 Easy Mobility 21 End to End Security 5/25/2017 22 Better Security 23 IPv6 Features TCP/IP and OSI • OSI is made of seven layers. • TCP/IP protocol is made of five layers. APPLICATION PRESENTATION APPLICATION SESSION OSI Model TRANSPORT TRANSPORT NETWORK NETWORK DATA LINK DATA LINK PHYSICAL PHYSICAL TCP/IP Model Data Encapsulation Application Data TCP Header TPT Layer Data TCP Segment UDP Header Data UDP Message NW Layer IP Header TCP-UDP Data IP Datagram Data Link Frame Head IP Header TCP-UDP Frame Data Trailer TCP/IP Protocol Suite.. A FTP SMTP TELNET HTTP T N TFTP NFS SNMP DNS TCP ICMP IGMP UDP IP ARP D Protocols defined by the underlying networks P RARP IPv6 Addressing • IPv6 addresses • Format • Unicast • Multicast • Anycast • Required Node Addresses • Address Selection • Addressing Architecture 5/25/2017 28 Addresses • IPv4 = 32 bits • IPv6 = 128 bits – This is not 4 times the number of addresses – This is 4 times the number of bits – ~3,4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes – 1030 addresses per person on the planet – Well, as with any numbering scheme, we will be using only a portion of the full address space 5/25/2017 29 IPv6 IPv6 Address IPv4: 32 bits or 4 bytes long 4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes • IPv6: 128 bits or 16 bytes • 3.4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes • • 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,432,768,211,456 5 * 1028 addresses per person Address Format • x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x – Where x is a 16 bits hexadecimal field • 2001:0000:1234:0000:0000:C1C0:ABCD:0876 • Case insensitive • 2001:0000:1234:0000:0000:c1c0:abcd:0876 • Leading zeros in a field are optional: • 2001:0:1234:0:0:C1C0:ABCD:876 5/25/2017 31 Address format • Successive fields of 0 are represented as ::, but only once in an address: – 2001:0:1234::C1C0:ABCD:876 – Not valid: 2001::1234::C1C0:ABCD:876 • Other examples: – FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => FF02::1 – 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => ::1 – 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 => :: 5/25/2017 32 Addresses in URL • In a URL, it is enclosed in brackets – http://[2001:1:4F3A::206:AE14]:8080/index.html – URL parsers have to be modified – Cumbersome for users • Mostly for diagnostic purposes • Should use Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN) 5/25/2017 33 Address Types • Unicast – Unspecified – Loopback – Scoped addresses: • Link-local • Site-local – Aggregatable Global: • Multicast – Broadcast: none in IPv6 • Anycast 5/25/2017 34 Unspecified • Used as a placeholder when no address available – Initial DHCP request – Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) • Like 0.0.0.0 in IPv4 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or :: 5/25/2017 35 Loopback • • • • • Identifies self Localhost Like 127.0.0.1 in IPv4 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1 To find if your IPv6 stack works: – Ping6 ::1 5/25/2017 36 Link-Local • Scoped address (new in IPv6) • Scope = local link (i.e. VLAN, subnet) – Can only be used between nodes of the same link – Cannot be routed • Automatically configured on each interface – Uses the interface identifier (based on MAC address) • Format: – FE80:0:0:0:<interface identifier> • Gives every node an IPv6 address to start communications 5/25/2017 37 IPv6 IPv6 Address Representation EUI 64 IPv6 uses the extended universal identifier (EUI)64 format to do stateless autoconfiguration. This format expands the 48-bit MAC address to 64 bits by inserting “FFFE” into the middle 16 bits. To make sure that the chosen address is from a unique Ethernet MAC address, the universal/local (U/L bit) is set to 1 for global scope (0 for local scope). Site-Local • Scoped address • Scope = site (a network of links) – Can only be used between nodes of the same site – Cannot be routed outside the site (i.e. the Internet) – Very similar to IPv4 private addresses • Not configured by default 5/25/2017 39 Site-Local • Format: – FEC0:0:0:<subnet id>:<interface id> – Subnet id = 16 bits = 64K subnets • Enables an addressing plan for a full site • Usage example: – Number a site before connecting to the Internet: • Do your address plan using site locals and use the renumbering functions when connecting to the IPv6 Internet – Private addresses (e.g. local printers) 5/25/2017 40 Aggregatable Global • Generic use. Globally reachable. • Allocated by IANA – To Regional Registries – Then to Tier-1 Providers • Called Top-level Aggregator (TLA) – Then to Intermediate Providers • Called Next-level Aggregator (NLA) – Then to sites – Then to subnets 5/25/2017 41 Aggregatable Global • Structure: TLA RES 48 bits • • • • 5/25/2017 NLAs SLA Interface ID 16 bits 64 bits 128 bits as the total 48 bits prefix to the site 16 bits for the subnets in the site 64 bits for host part 42 Aggregatable Global • Consists of the following (left to right): – 3 bits: 001 (10% of the total address space reserved) – 13 bits for the TLA • 213 TLAs ~ 8K TLAs – 8 bits reserved – 24 bits for the NLAs • 224 NLAs per TLA ~ 16M NLAs per TLA – 16 bits for the site subnets • 216 subnets per site = 65536 subnets – 64 bits for the interface identifier – Total = 128 bits. 5/25/2017 43 Multicast • Multicast = one-to-many • No broadcast in IPv6. Multicast is used instead, mostly on local links • Scoped addresses: – Node, link, site, organisation, global – No TTL as in IPv4 • Format: – FF<flags><scope>::<multicast group> 5/25/2017 44 Multicast assigned Addresses • Some reserved multicast addresses: Address Scope Use FF01::1 Interface-local All Nodes FF01::2 Interface-local All Routers FF02::1 Link-local All Nodes FF02::2 Link-local All Routers FF05::2 Site-local All Routers FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx Link-local 5/25/2017 Solicited-Node 45 Anycast • One-to-nearest: great for discovery functions • Anycast addresses are indistinguishable from unicast addresses – Allocated from the unicast addresses space – Some anycast addresses are reserved for specific uses • Few uses: – Router-subnet – MobileIPv6 home-agent discovery – discussions for DNS discovery 5/25/2017 46 Thanks 5/25/2017 47 WONDERS WE CAN DO WITH IPV6 !! GIMEC CONFIDENTIAL- 48 IPv6 Applications in Agriculture Industry IPv6 Applications in Transport System With IPv6, Intelligent Transportation Systems can provide two-way, real-time communications along the roadside Data to help with issues such as road rage, pollution, and even utilize roadside sensors to help protect citizens. The Department of Transportation receives decibel readings and pollution statistics from multiple sensor GIMEC 50 CONFIDENTIAL- IPv6 Applications in UID Under UID Project IPv6 implementation can play a vital role in the following 1. Providing Consistent, Coordinated Services to Indian Citizens 2. Efficient, Synchronized Search and Rescue during Emergencies like Terrorist attacks 3. Provides Instant Access for Greater Public Safety during Catastrophic Attacks GIMEC CONFIDENTIAL- 51 IPv6 Applications Others!! 5/25/2017 Suggested Pilot Projects in Greenfield Applications Rural Emergency Healthcare System Telemedicine Distance Education Power Generation and Distribution Logistics and Supply Chain Different Ministries, Government Departments and Organizations in Private Sector can come forward to Work on these and similar Pilot Projects. 54 Rural Emergency Health Care 5/25/2017 Rural Emergency Healthcare – Current Process Caller in distress Public Switching Dial 108 Telephone Network (PSTN) Dispatch Officers (DO) Doctor Central Co-ordination Contact Center Ambulances nearest to caller located and guided to destination Ambulances located at strategic places in districts Doctor at Contact Center and Nurse in Ambulance coordinate over phone about patient care Deficiencies in Today’s – Rural Emergency Healthcare scenario (Communication only by Phone) •Vital sign information sent on phone - Blood pressure, ECG, Temperature .. Etc. •Doctor lacks the ability to see the patient’s visual condition •Doctor provides Offline Healthcare on phone •Ambulances manually called and guided over phone to destination 56 IPv6 simplifies and enhances Rural Emergency Healthcare Caller in distress GPS helps Locate Ambulance, guides Ambulance driver To destination IPv6 Backbone Dial 108 Central Co-ordination Contact Center Bio-sensors help collect Vital sign info which is transmitted in realtime helping doctor provide effective healthcare 3 G WiMax Ambulances located at strategic places in districts Confidential © Tech Mahindra 2009 IPv6 Technologies – Rural Emergency Healthcare •Bio-Sensors •Seamless Video-Conference •IPv6 based Real-time Vital signs data •Automatic Vehicular Location System Benefits – IPv6 Rural Emergency Healthcare scenario transfer Real Time Patient Vital sign information collected by Bio Sensors– Blood pressure, ECG, Temperature .. Etc, Patient’s condition is seen in real time Video by Doctor - More effective diagnosis and advice D.O. locates nearest Ambulance - using GPS Driver reaches destination faster via GPS 57 IPV6 Network of Urban and Rural Hospitals 58 Hospital Network – Linking Urban & Rural Hospitals Rural Health Centre PHC IPv6 Network IPv6 Network URBAN HOSPITAL PHC PHC 59 Rural Patient Tele Health – Patient Seeking Medical Advice Remotely 60 Tele-Health Schematic using Mobile Network 2 Sensors used to collect Patient Condition and Transmitted using mobile phone Immediate Feedback 1 3 Patient Monitoring Team 4 Data Transmitted to the Medical Server IPv6 Analyzed Data Transmitted to Nurse / Doctor for advice Health Care Provider 61 Distance Education 62 Distance Education Universalization of Education Extending Quality Education to Remote and Rural Areas IPV 6 Partially mitigate non availability of good teachers in sufficient numbers 63 Power Generation and Distribution Indian Electricity Scenario Power Supply Position (MW) Demand Supplied Shortage % 2005-06 93255 81792 12.3% 2006-07 100715 86818 13.8% 2007-08 108866 90793 16.6% 2008-09 109809 96685 12% AT&C (Aggregate Technical & Commercial Losses) ~ 33% Objectives - APDRP (Accelerated Power Development and Reform Programme of the GoI – Funded through PFC) Sustained Loss Reduction Reliable and Automated systems for collection of accurate Base Line Data Adopting IT for energy accounting Today’s Scenario Electricity grid is “DUMB" Workers have to walk from house to house to read the electricity meter Utilities have no clue of power outage until customers call to complain. Tomorrow’s Scenario ? The electricity grid is “SMART” enough for – Remote collection of data – fully sensor based network Automatic load balancing, DSM and transfer of power from one region to another Automatic detection of outages Flexible metering What will make it possible ? IPv6 Smartgrid Schematic Bidirectional, Intelligent Network Using IPv6 for Smart grid Services Advanced Metering Infrastructure Automatic meter Reading using sensors Business Analysis Analyze usage data to make decisions Energy Management Services Grid monitoring and management Demand Side management Remote management of energy demand, Load balancing Distribution automation Optimize performance of Transmission and Distribution assets Remote equipment Monitoring Ease of fault detection, maintenance Telecommunications Can be provided as a service using the power line infrastructure IPv6 in Railways IPv6 in Railways How can Railways benefit from IPv6 deployment ? Railways handles India’s largest supply chain consisting of wagons, bogies, engines, processing centers, point of sale terminals , millions of parcel objects each day Service Automation Connectivity Addressability Scalable Internet Platform IPv6 Vision for Railways / Railtel Highly optimized supply chain based on IP technology (IPv6) Very large scale telemetry and sensor network enhancing railway safety (enabled by IPv6) Railtel as an ISP (Broadband subscribers on IPv6) NetCentric Warfare for Defence • Uses computers and communications to link people and weapons over long distances and in the battlefield • Relies on computer Processing power • Reliable and quick information exchange between forces in battlefield • Better coordination between different forces decision making & Superior • Coordinate complex military operations over long distances Operational Processes and Effectiveness 5/25/2017 Impact on Missions and Functions 5/25/2017 Advantages of NCW • Power is increasingly derived from information sharing, information access and speed • Networked forces can be smaller in size • When one unit gets into trouble other units can quickly come to its aid • Difficult for enemy to attack a spread out formation • Fewer troops, lesser equipment – cheaper warfare • Sensor based networks – on-site analysis of intelligence data obtained through sensors – quicker decision making in the battlefield When the forces are well connected they can spread out over a larger area thus reducing the chances of fatal incidents wiping out the entire troop at the same time Intelligent Information Network Communication Platform Weapons IPv6 based Intelligent information Network Net Ready Nodes Communication Platform Net Ready Nodes Forces Net Ready Nodes Thank You 5/25/2017 80