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A+ Guide to Managing
and Maintaining Your PC
Fifth Edition
Chapter 18
PCs on a Network
Network Tech. at KPC
You Will Learn…

About different types of physical network
architectures

How networking works with Windows

How to install a network card and a network
protocol using Windows
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You Will Learn… (continued)

About sharing resources on a network

Troubleshooting tools and tips for network
connections

How to connect networks to each other
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Physical Network Architectures

Ethernet (most popular)

Wireless LAN

Token ring

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
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Network Architecture
Terminology

Network adapter

Provides direct connection between PC and
network; usually an expansion card (NIC)

Matches type and speed of physical network

Network port matches connectors on network
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Network Architecture
Terminology (continued)


Network protocols

OS protocols (eg, NetBEUI, TCP/IP)

Hardware protocols (eg, Ethernet, Token Ring)
Data transmission

Packets, datagrams, or frames
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Ethernet Variations,
Distinguished by Speed
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Ethernet Cable Types
continued…
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Ethernet Cable Types (continued)
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Ethernet Topology


Bus topology

Connects each node in a line

Has no central connection point
Star topology

Connects all nodes to a centralized hub

More popular; easier to maintain

Patch cables and crossover cables
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Bus and Star Topologies
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Ethernet Hub Broadcasting a
Data Packet
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A Hub
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Star Bus Topology
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Repeaters

Amplify signals on a network

Help overcome limitations on length of cables
that can be used; signals can travel farther

Two kinds

Amplifier repeater

Signal-regenerating repeater (used by Ethernet)
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Repeaters (continued)
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Wireless LANs

Use radio waves or infrared light to connect
computers or devices


Standards




Wireless NIC includes antenna to send and receive
signals
1999 IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi or AirPort)
Bluetooth
Slower than wired networks
Security is an issue
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Wireless LANs (continued)
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Token Ring

Physical star; logical ring

Data packet is preceded by a token

Transmits data at 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps

Uses a centralized device called a MAU
(Multistation Access Unit)

Uses UTP or STP cables (two twisted pairs)

Uses RJ-45 or UDC connectors
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FDDI




Uses tokens; structured as a ring, but does not
require a centralized hub
Multiple nodes can have data on the ring at the
same time
Provides data transfer at 100 Mbps
Used as:


Network technology for a large LAN
Backbone network to connect several LANs
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Now NICs Work

Plug into motherboard expansion slot

Provide port(s) on back of card for connection
to network

Manage communication and hardware network
protocol for the PC
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Network Cards
a. FDDI
b. Token ring
c. Ethernet
d. Wireless
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Network Cards

Send and receive data:






To and from system bus in parallel
To and from network in series
Use a transceiver for signal conversion
Identified by a MAC address
Require an IRQ and an I/O address range
May be PnP; legacy cards can use jumpers or
DIP switches
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Ethernet Combo Card
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Considerations When Selecting
a Network Card

Speed and type of network

Type of cable (shielded twisted-pair, coaxial,
or fiber-optic)

Type of slot (PCI or ISA)
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Segmenting a Network

Communication on a local network uses MAC
address of NIC to identify the destination
computer;


Other computers discard the packet because it is
not addressed to them
Bridges and switches


Reduce traffic on each segment and improve
network performance
More intelligent than hubs
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How Bridges Work
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Bridges and Switches
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Bridges and Switches (continued)

Bridges

Send broadcast messages; not good for large
networks

Effective at separating high-volume areas on a
LAN

Best for connecting LANs that do not
communicate outside their immediate network
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Bridges and Switches (continued)

Switches


Send a packet only to network segment for which
it is destined
Both keep source and destination MAC
addresses in routing tables and learn new
addresses
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Bridges Compared with
Switches
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Windows on a Network


Workgroup model and domain model
Networking protocols supported at physical
level




Ethernet
ATM
Token Ring
Protocols supported at OS level



TCP/IP
IPX/SPX
NetBEUI
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Windows on a Network (continued)
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OS Protocols

Automatically bind themselves to any NICs
they find

More than one can be associated with a single
NIC
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Addressing on a Network
MAC address



IP address


Characterbased names



Port address

Unique address permanently embedded in a NIC; identifies
a device on a LAN
Expressed as six pairs of hexadecimal numbers and letters
Used only by devices inside local network
32-bit address consisting of a series of four 8-bit numbers
separated by periods
Identifies a computer or device on a TCP/IP network
Include domain names, host names (Windows 2000/XP),
NetBIOS names (Windows 98)
Identify a PC with letters; easier to remember
Name resolution services: DNS and Microsoft WINS
Number that identifies a program or service running on a
computer to communicate over the network
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MAC Addresses and IP
Addresses
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IP Configuration
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MAC Addresses and IP
Addresses
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Classes of IP Addresses
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IP Addresses
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Different Ways of Assigning IP
Addresses

Public, private, and reserved IP addresses

Dynamically assigned IP addresses


DHCP server
Network Address Translation (NAT)
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Reserved IP Addresses
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Configuring a DHCP Server
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Using NAT
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How Computers Find Each
Other on a LAN
1. Checks NetBIOS name cache
2. Queries WINS server, if it has its IP address
3. Sends broadcast message to all computers on LAN
asking for IP address of computer with broadcasted
NetBIOS name
4. Checks LMHosts file
5. If IP address still not discovered, computer assumes
network is using DNS and checks Hosts file
6. Queries DNS server, if it has its IP address
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Installing a Network Card and
Connecting to a Network

Physically install the card and device drivers

Configure the NIC using Windows so it has
appropriate addresses on the network and
correct network protocols

Give the computer a name

Test the NIC to verify that PC can access
resources on the network
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Installing a NIC Using Windows
2000/XP
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Installing a NIC Using Windows
2000/XP (continued)
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Installing a NIC Using Windows
2000/XP (continued)
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Installing and Configuring TCP/IP
Using Windows 2000/XP

Will PC use dynamic or static addressing?

If static addressing, what are IP address,
subnet mask, and default gateway?

If you use DNS, what are the IP addresses of
the DNS servers?

If a proxy server is used to connect to other
networks, what is IP address of proxy server?
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Installing a NIC Using
Windows 9x

Physically install NIC and turn computer on

Windows 9x automatically detects the card and
guides you through driver installation

Assign computer name

Install TCP/IP using Select Network Protocol
Window (Windows 98)

Configure TCP/IP by selecting binding and
clicking Properties (Windows 98)
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Installing a Wireless NIC


Use NIC’s configuration software to specify
wireless network parameters
Computer must be within acceptable range of
an access point or another wireless device that
it will communicate with directly

Distance determined by type of technology used –
most likely 802.11b
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Installing a Wireless NIC
(continued)
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Installing a Wireless NIC
(continued)
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Installing a Wireless NIC
(continued)
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Using Resources on the
Network

LAN


Assign all users to same workgroup or domain
with My Network Places (Windows 2000/XP) or
Network Neighborhood (Windows 9x)
Peer-to-peer network

Install Client for Microsoft Networks and File and
Printer Sharing

Share resources
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Sharing Files, Folders, and
Applications
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Installing Windows XP Components
Needed to Share Resources
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Installing Windows 98 Components
Needed to Share Resources
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Sharing Files and Folders with
the Workgroup
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Sharing Files and Folders with
the Workgroup (continued)
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Network Drive Maps

Using NFS client/software, network drive map
makes one PC (client) appear to have new hard
drive when that hard drive space is actually on
another host computer (server)

Use Windows Explorer to map a network drive
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Results of Drive Mapping
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Symptoms of NIC Problems

Cannot make connection to network

My Network Places or Network Neighborhood
does not show other computers on network

Error message appears during installation of
NIC drivers

Device Manager shows yellow exclamation
point or red X beside name of NIC

No lights on NIC
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Troubleshooting Network
Connections

Check the following:





Cabling and ports for PC
NIC itself
BIOS
Device drivers
Troubleshooting tools



Ping (TCP/IP utility)
Ipconfig (Windows NT/2000/XP)
Winipcfg (Windows 9x)
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Connecting Networks with
Routers

Use IP addresses to determine path by which
to send a packet;


Stateless devices - concerned about destination
address;


Tables determine most efficient available route
Unconcerned about data
Transmit data packet to remote network only if
routable protocol was used to produce data
packet
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Connecting Networks with
Routers (continued)
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Brouter

Functions both as a bridge and a router

As a router
• Routes routable protocols (TCP/IP and IPX/SPX
packets)

As a bridge
• Forwards packets that are not routable (NetBEUI
packets) to other local networks
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Connecting Networks with
Bandwidth Technologies



Bandwidth: measure of data capacity
Greater bandwidth = faster communication
Common bandwidth technologies






Regular telephone lines
Cable modem
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
Satellite access
Wireless access
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Bandwidth Technologies
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Bandwidth Technologies
(continued)
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Bandwidth Technologies
(continued)
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Bandwidth Technologies
(continued)
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Summary








How local networks are built
How bridges and switches can segment large local
networks
How routers connect networks
Technologies used to connect PCs and networks to
the Internet
Supporting PCs that are connected to a network
How computers are identified over a network
How to share computer resources over a network
How to troubleshoot a network connection
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