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Transcript
TCP/IP Internetworking Lesson 1: The Internet Infrastructure Objectives Define “internetwork” and explain its importance in the data marketplace Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network Explain the Internet’s evolution Objectives (cont’d) Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and IPX/SPX Identify key internetworking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks Overview of Networking Traditional networking Internetworking Internet versus intranet versus extranet TCP/IP and Interoperability TCP/IP can allow different types of networks to communicate with one another TCP/IP allows an existing LAN and WAN to operate with another Internetworking and the Corporate Network Cross-platform Vendor-neutral Evolution of the Internet ARPANET Test and research networks Decentralization Internet-related Authorities Internet Society (ISOC) Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) Internet Research Group (IRSG) OSI Reference Model Packets Cyclical Redundancy Check Packet creation - Adding headers - Removing headers OSI/RM Protocol Examples Application-layer protocols Transport-layer protocols Network-layer protocols Data link-layer protocols Major Networking Protocols TCP/IP IPX/SPX NetBEUI AppleTalk Data Link Control (DLC) Systems Network Architecture (SNA) Stateful vs. Stateless Stateful connection-oriented Stateless connectionless TCP/IP Default protocol for - Windows NT 4.0 - Windows 2000 - UNIX - NetWare 5 IPX/SPX Advantages Disadvantages Novell NetWare layers Multiprotocol Networks These networks combine routable and nonroutable protocols Multiple protocols can increase time to troubleshoot and maintain network Summary Define “internetwork” and explain its importance in the data marketplace Describe how TCP/IP can use existing LANs and WANs as backbones for interoperability Relate internetworks to the concept of the corporate enterprise network Explain the Internet’s evolution Summary (cont’d) Explain the nature, size and other characteristics of the NSFnet Define Internet-related organizations such as ISOC, IAB, IETF and IRTF Explain how TCP/IP relates to standards such as SNA, OSI and IPX/SPX Identify key internetworking protocols and explain the need for multiprotocol networks Lesson 2: TCP/IP Architecture Objectives Describe the Internet architecture model Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP Describe various Internet protocols Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation Find RFCs and download them from the Internet Overview of TCP/IP Vendor-neutral Used more widely than anticipated Powers the Internet Internet Architecture OSI Reference Model Internet Architecture Equivalent Application Application Presentation Session Transport Transport Network Internet Data Link Network Access Physical Requests for Comments (RFCs) Protocol states Internet Standards (STDs) Reference RFCs Internet Protocols HTTP SMTP FTP Telnet TFTP Gopher SNMP DNS BOOTP DHCP Application Layer TCP UDP Transport Layer ICMP IGMP IP ARP RARP Internet Layer Media Network Access Layer De-multiplexing Telnet FTP TFTP TCP SNMP UDP IGMP ICMP IP RARP ARP ETHERNET Specialized Serial Interface Protocols PPP - RFC 1661, STD 51 Multilink PPP - RFC 1990 SLIP - RFC 1055, STD 47 Summary Describe the Internet architecture model Explain the purpose and operational essentials of TCP/IP Describe various Internet protocols Explain PPP and Multilink PPP operation Find RFCs and download them from the Internet Lesson 3: Internet Addressing Objectives Explain IP addressing Define IP address classes Determine reserved IP addressing Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet Internet Addressing Internet addresses are divided into the following parts - Network - Host Four fields separated by periods are a common notation for specifying addresses - field1.field2.field3.field4 IP Address Fields Contain 8 bits per field Range from 0 to 255 decimal field1.field2.field3.field4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 8 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = 255 1 = On 0 = Off Internet Address Classes Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E IP Addressing Rules Broadcast addresses Network addresses Special-case source addresses Loopback address Reserved IP Addressing 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255 Subnetworks Performance Manageability Logical groups Subnet Masks Distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address Specify whether a destination address is local or remote Custom Subnet Masks Steps for determining custom subnet masks - Determine the number of subnets needed - Determine the number of bits to borrow from the host portion - Determine the subnet mask Custom Subnet Masks (cont’d) Steps for determining custom subnet masks (cont’d) - Determine the maximum number of hosts per subnetwork - Determine the subnetwork addresses for each subnet - Determine the address ranges for each subnetwork Classless Interdomain Routing Technique to conserve IP addresses Also called supernetting Summary Explain IP addressing Define IP address classes Determine reserved IP addressing Explain the use of private addresses in intranet design Design a TCP/IP network and calculate subnetwork addresses Develop IP addressing schemes for use in an intranet Lesson 4: Network Access Layer Objectives Identify the IEEE LAN standards Install and test protocol analyzer software Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components Identify fields in the ARP header Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses Explain the function of RARP IEEE Standards and Ethernet Ethernet is a predecessor to the IEEE 802.2/802.3 standard, and can be defined as a broadcast system for communication between systems Ethernet Function Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Determining Ethernet Addresses Linux Windows 2000 Windows 95/98/Me Ethernet Headers Destination Hardware Address Source Hardware Address Type Data CRC Address Resolution Protocol IP address (32-bit) Ethernet address (48-bit) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Used by diskless systems to find out their Internet addresses on the network Summary Identify the IEEE LAN standards Install and test protocol analyzer software Analyze ethernet packets and identify key components Identify fields in the ARP header Use ARP to resolve hardware addresses to Internet addresses Explain the function of RARP Lesson 5: Internet Layer Objectives Describe the functions of the Internet layer Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer Identify the IP header fields and their purpose Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components IP and Routing IP - Connectionless Not necessarily reliable Routing - One of the most important IP functions - Determines the path that packets travel across networks IP Header Version Header length Service Datagram length Datagram ID number Flags Fragment offset Time To Live Protocol Header checksum Source address Destination address Options Summary Describe the functions of the Internet layer Describe the routing function and how it relates to the Internet layer Identify the IP header fields and their purpose Examine IP packets using a protocol analyzer, and identify key components Lesson 6: Transport Layer Objectives Define the functions of the transport layer Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose Explain the TCP negotiation process Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination Objectives (cont’d) Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose Decode and analyze UDP headers Describe TCP/UDP ports, including wellknown and registered port numbers Transport Layer Protocols Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Transmission Control Protocol Provides a byte-stream service - Connection-oriented - Reliable TCP Header Source port Destination port Sequence number Acknowledgment number Header length Reserved Flags Window Checksum Urgent pointer Option type Option length Maximum segment size TCP Negotiation Process SYN FIN ACK Establishing a TCP Connection Active Open: SYN flag, ISN, and desired port number. Passive Open: SYN flag, ISN, and ACK. ACK. Terminating a TCP Connection Active close: FIN flag, stops server to client data flow. ACK. Passive close: FIN flag, stops client to server data flow. ACK. User Datagram Protocol Provides a simple datagram form of communication at the transport layer Differs from TCP in that it does not provide congestion control, use acknowledgments, retransmit lost datagrams, or guarantee reliability TCP and UDP Ports Port assignments in the Internet domain Port Number Range Description 1 to 1023 Well-known/reserved port numbers 1024 to 65535 Registered port numbers Summary Define the functions of the transport layer Identify the TCP header fields and explain their purpose Explain the TCP negotiation process Observe data transfer via TCP, and use a protocol analyzer to identify and analyze a session establishment and termination Summary (cont’d) Identify the UDP header fields and explain their purpose Decode and analyze UDP headers Describe TCP/UDP ports, including wellknown and registered port numbers Lesson 7: Domain Name System Objectives Define and configure hosts files Explain the DNS and its evolution Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationships among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems Objectives (cont’d) Identify DNS records and list the record types Install and configure a DNS server and client Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows and DNS DNS DNS consists of three levels - Root - Top ROOT - Second TOP Second Second DNS Components Name server Name resolver The Hosts File Simple text file referenced locally by applications and commands for name-toaddress resolution DNS Server Types Root server Primary or master server Secondary or slave server Caching and caching-only server Forwarding server DNS Records Internet (IN) Name Server (NS) Start of Authority (SOA) Address (A) Canonical Name (CNAME) Mail Exchanger (MX) Pointer (PTR) UNIX and DNS named.ca named.local domain_name.hosts rev.domain_name.hosts named.boot (BIND version 4) Named.conf (BIND version 8) resolv.conf Windows 2000 and DNS Dynamic DNS (DDNS) Summary Define and configure hosts files Explain the DNS and its evolution Define the DNS architecture, and diagram the relationship among DNS root servers, master servers and client systems Summary (cont’d) Identify DNS records and list the record types Install and configure a DNS server and client Describe the relationships among UNIX, Windows and DNS Lesson 8: Address and Parameter Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts Objectives Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation Install and configure a DHCP server and client BOOTstrap Protocol (BOOTP) Provides a means for diskless workstations to determine IP addresses and parameters Created as an alternative to RARP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Designed to assign Internet configuration information dynamically on TCP/IP networks Can traverse routers (providing the router is DHCP-enabled) DHCP Initialization Process Discover Offer Request Acknowledgment Summary Define the function and roles of the BOOTP server and client Define the function and roles of the DHCP server and client Compare RARP, BOOTP and DHCP Explain the difference between dynamic and manual address allocation Install and configure a DHCP server and client TCP/IP Internetworking The Internet Infrastructure TCP/IP Architecture Internet Addressing Network Access Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Domain Name System Address and Parameter Allocation for TCP/IP Hosts