Download FIGURE 6-1A TCP/IP Suite

IPv4 Addresssing
• An IP address is four bytes (octets). Each contains eight bits (total of 32 bits in
length).
• IP addresses are given as dotted decimal notation.
• IP address classes A, B, and C differentiate in the numbers of networks and host
addresses being utilized by a specific organization.
Class-A is numbered 1through 126. 2^8 = 256 networks,
2^24 = 16,777,216 addresses
Class-B is numbered 128 through 191. 2^16 = 65,536 networks,
2^16 = 65,536 addresses
Class-C is numbered 192 through 223. 2^24 = 16,777,216 networks,
2^8 = 256 addresses
Class-D networks are numbered 224 through 239. Multicast
Class-E networks are numbered 240 through 255. Experimental
• Network & Host address = all 0s: (0.0.0.0) not valid, used during boot
• Network address = 0s & Host = #: (0.210.10.6) a valid host address
identifies a host on the current network to other devices.
• Network & Host address = all 1s: (255.255.255.255) this is called a
Limited broadcast, where a message will be received by all hosts on a
local network.
• Network # & all 1s on Host: (126.255.255.255) this is called a Direct
broadcast, where a message is sent to all computers on a remote
network. Used to find the MAC address of a known host IP address,
Called address resolution (AR)
• Network addresses of 127: (127.0.0.1) loopback or test address
Reserved Classes
• Special IP addresses are known as Private, which means
the hosts on the LAN will never directly communicate with
Internet-based hosts.
10.x.x.x through 10.255.255.255
172.16.x.x through 172.31.255.255
192.168.x.x through 192.168.255.255
A subnet mask is used to separate a network number from the host number in
an IP address. By Changing the Default Subnet Mask, You Split the Host Number
Into a Subnet Number and a Host Number.
• Subnet masks are also used to subdivide networks.
• 1 represents a network and 0 represents a host.
Subnet masks examples Class A, B, & C.
01.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 = no sub-netting (default mask)
126.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 = sub-netting
others: 255.255.255.0
255.255.255.252
128.100.0.0 255.255.0.0 = no sub-netting
191.100.0.0 255.255.255.0 = sub-netting
255.255.255.252
192.100.10.0 255.255.255.0 = no sub-netting
223.100.10.0 255.255.255.252 = sub-netting
MASKS Bits
Dec
0
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
Binary
00000000
10000000
11000000
11100000
11110000
11111000
11111100
11111110
11111111
Subnetting
• Classful Subnetting example: Class C
• IP 192.100.100.10 Mask 255.255.255.248
248 or F8 or 1111 1000 5 extra bits for networking
192.100.100.0 = network default
192.100.100.10 = host
192.100.100.8 = subnet Host 10 belongs to
24 bits in network, 5 added subnet mask bits=29 masks
3 bits for hosts = 2^3= 8 addresses, but only 6 hosts
6 hosts + 1 subnet + 1 broadcast = 8 addresses
256/8= 32 subnets with 8 addresses per network
Incomplete Class A subnet table
Subnets
Hosts
Mask
Subnet Bits
Host Bits
4
4,194,302
255.192.0.0
2
22
8
2,097,150
255.224.0.0
3
21
16
1,048,574
255.240.0.0
4
20
32
524,286
255.248.0.0
5
19
64
262,142
255.252.0.0
6
18
128
131,070
255.254.0.0
7
17
256
65,534
255.255.0.0
8
16
512
32,766
255.255.128.0
9
15
1,024
16,382
255.255.192.0
10
14
2,048
8,190
255.255.224.0
11
13
4,096
4,094
255.255.240.0
12
12
8,192
2,046
255.255.248.0
13
11
16,384
1,022
255.255.252.0
14
10
32,768
510
255.255.254.0
15
9
65,536
254
255.255.255.0
16
8
131,072
126
255.255.255.128
17
7
262,144
62
255.255.255.192
18
6
524,288
30
255.255.255.224
19
5
1,048,576
14
255.255.255.240
20
4
2,097,152
6
255.255.255.248
21
3
4,194,304
2
255.255.255.252
22
2
Incomplete Class B subnet table
Subnets
Hosts
Mask
Subnet Bits
Host Bits
4
16382
255.255.192.0
2
14
8
8190
255.255.224.0
3
13
16
4094
255.255.240.0
4
12
32
2046
255.255.248.0
5
11
64
1022
255.255.252.0
6
10
128
510
255.255.254.0
7
9
256
254
255.255.255.0
8
8
512
126
255.255.255.128
9
7
1024
62
255.255.255.192
10
6
2048
30
255.255.255.224
11
5
4096
14
255.255.255.240
12
4
8192
6
255.255.255.248
13
3
16384
2
255.255.255.252
14
2
Incomplete Class C subnet table
Subnets
Hosts
Mask
Subnet Bits
Host Bits
4
62
255.255.255.192
2
6
8
30
255.255.255.224
3
5
16
14
255.255.255.240
4
4
32
6
255.255.255.248
5
3
64
2
255.255.255.252
6
2