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IPv4 Addresssing • An IP address is four bytes (octets). Each contains eight bits (total of 32 bits in length). • IP addresses are given as dotted decimal notation. • IP address classes A, B, and C differentiate in the numbers of networks and host addresses being utilized by a specific organization. Class-A is numbered 1through 126. 2^8 = 256 networks, 2^24 = 16,777,216 addresses Class-B is numbered 128 through 191. 2^16 = 65,536 networks, 2^16 = 65,536 addresses Class-C is numbered 192 through 223. 2^24 = 16,777,216 networks, 2^8 = 256 addresses Class-D networks are numbered 224 through 239. Multicast Class-E networks are numbered 240 through 255. Experimental • Network & Host address = all 0s: (0.0.0.0) not valid, used during boot • Network address = 0s & Host = #: (0.210.10.6) a valid host address identifies a host on the current network to other devices. • Network & Host address = all 1s: (255.255.255.255) this is called a Limited broadcast, where a message will be received by all hosts on a local network. • Network # & all 1s on Host: (126.255.255.255) this is called a Direct broadcast, where a message is sent to all computers on a remote network. Used to find the MAC address of a known host IP address, Called address resolution (AR) • Network addresses of 127: (127.0.0.1) loopback or test address Reserved Classes • Special IP addresses are known as Private, which means the hosts on the LAN will never directly communicate with Internet-based hosts. 10.x.x.x through 10.255.255.255 172.16.x.x through 172.31.255.255 192.168.x.x through 192.168.255.255 A subnet mask is used to separate a network number from the host number in an IP address. By Changing the Default Subnet Mask, You Split the Host Number Into a Subnet Number and a Host Number. • Subnet masks are also used to subdivide networks. • 1 represents a network and 0 represents a host. Subnet masks examples Class A, B, & C. 01.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 = no sub-netting (default mask) 126.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 = sub-netting others: 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.252 128.100.0.0 255.255.0.0 = no sub-netting 191.100.0.0 255.255.255.0 = sub-netting 255.255.255.252 192.100.10.0 255.255.255.0 = no sub-netting 223.100.10.0 255.255.255.252 = sub-netting MASKS Bits Dec 0 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 Binary 00000000 10000000 11000000 11100000 11110000 11111000 11111100 11111110 11111111 Subnetting • Classful Subnetting example: Class C • IP 192.100.100.10 Mask 255.255.255.248 248 or F8 or 1111 1000 5 extra bits for networking 192.100.100.0 = network default 192.100.100.10 = host 192.100.100.8 = subnet Host 10 belongs to 24 bits in network, 5 added subnet mask bits=29 masks 3 bits for hosts = 2^3= 8 addresses, but only 6 hosts 6 hosts + 1 subnet + 1 broadcast = 8 addresses 256/8= 32 subnets with 8 addresses per network Incomplete Class A subnet table Subnets Hosts Mask Subnet Bits Host Bits 4 4,194,302 255.192.0.0 2 22 8 2,097,150 255.224.0.0 3 21 16 1,048,574 255.240.0.0 4 20 32 524,286 255.248.0.0 5 19 64 262,142 255.252.0.0 6 18 128 131,070 255.254.0.0 7 17 256 65,534 255.255.0.0 8 16 512 32,766 255.255.128.0 9 15 1,024 16,382 255.255.192.0 10 14 2,048 8,190 255.255.224.0 11 13 4,096 4,094 255.255.240.0 12 12 8,192 2,046 255.255.248.0 13 11 16,384 1,022 255.255.252.0 14 10 32,768 510 255.255.254.0 15 9 65,536 254 255.255.255.0 16 8 131,072 126 255.255.255.128 17 7 262,144 62 255.255.255.192 18 6 524,288 30 255.255.255.224 19 5 1,048,576 14 255.255.255.240 20 4 2,097,152 6 255.255.255.248 21 3 4,194,304 2 255.255.255.252 22 2 Incomplete Class B subnet table Subnets Hosts Mask Subnet Bits Host Bits 4 16382 255.255.192.0 2 14 8 8190 255.255.224.0 3 13 16 4094 255.255.240.0 4 12 32 2046 255.255.248.0 5 11 64 1022 255.255.252.0 6 10 128 510 255.255.254.0 7 9 256 254 255.255.255.0 8 8 512 126 255.255.255.128 9 7 1024 62 255.255.255.192 10 6 2048 30 255.255.255.224 11 5 4096 14 255.255.255.240 12 4 8192 6 255.255.255.248 13 3 16384 2 255.255.255.252 14 2 Incomplete Class C subnet table Subnets Hosts Mask Subnet Bits Host Bits 4 62 255.255.255.192 2 6 8 30 255.255.255.224 3 5 16 14 255.255.255.240 4 4 32 6 255.255.255.248 5 3 64 2 255.255.255.252 6 2