Download Spectrum allocation

Wireless Communications
•
•
•
•
•
GSM
GPRS
UMTS
CDMA 2000
WiFi
References:
http://www.privateline.com/PCS/GSM05.html
http://www.trillium.com/products/trillium/wireless.html
GPRS Cisco White Paper
UMTS Forum White Paper 2005
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
1
Wireless Migration Path
NMT
(900)
GSM(900)
TACS
GSM(1800)
192 kbps
GPRS
GSM(1900)
WCDMA
2 Mbps
GPRS
IS-136(1900)
IS-95(1900)
EDGE
384 kbps
IS-136(800)
AMPS
IS-95(800)
CDMA2000
1X
CDMA2000
3X
SMR
iDEN(800)
200 kbps
2 Mbps
1G
2G
2.5G
3G
TACS – Total Access Communication System
NMT – Nordic Mobile Telephone
SMR – Specialized Mobile radio
iDEN – Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network (Motorola)
EDGE – Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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2G spectrum allocation
D-AMPS/TDMA
IS-54/136 (800)
GSM
(850)
GSM-EU
(900)
EGSM-EU
(900)
GSM-EU
(1800)
1983/1991
1983
1991
1992
1992
Base Tx MHz
869-894
869-894
935-960
925-934.8
1805-1880
Base Rx MHz
824-849
824-849
890-915
870-889.8
1710-1785
Spectr. allocat.
25 MHz
25 MHz
25 MHz
9.8 MHz
150 MHz
Radio Channel
30 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
No of carriers
832
125
125
49
375
channel/carrier
3 (6)
8
8
8
8
Modulation
4DPSK1
0.3GMSK2
0.3GMSK
0.3GMSK
0.3GMSK
CODEC
A/VCELP3
RELP4/
ACELP
RELP/
ACELP
RELP/
ACELP
RELP/
ACELP
Year
– Differential Phase Shift Keying,
– Gaussian Maximum Shift Keying,
3CELP – Code Excited Linear Prediction, A – Algebraic, V – Vector (8 kbps),
4RELP – Residual ELP (13 kbps). Tanenbaum page 687: G723.1 – 5.3 to 6.4 kbps.
1DMSK
2GMSK
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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3G spectrum allocation
GSM-US
(1900)1
CDMA
IS-951
CDMA2000
1X
WCDMA
IS-661
2003
1993
2000
2003
Base Tx MHz
1930-1990
869-894
1930-1990
2110-2170
Base Rx MHz
1850-1910
824-849
1850-1910
1920-1980
Spectr. allocat.
60 MHz
50 MHz
120 MHz
120 MHz
Radio Channel
200 kHz
1.25 MHz
1.25 MHz
5 MHz
No of carriers
300
20
48
15*12 = 180
channel/carrier
8
64
64
64
Modulation
0.3GMSK
QPSK2
QPSK
CODEC
RELP/
ACELP
CELP3
CELP
Year
12G
2QPSK
3CELP
– Quadrature Phase Shift Keying.
– Code Excited Linear Prediction,
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
4
Spectrum Frequency Chart
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
5
GSM Spectrum
ARFCN – Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number.
Offset between downlink and uplink
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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Offset
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
7
Coverage – Frequency Reuse
D
G
F
MSC1
B
A
E
C
MSC2
D
d
r
Carrier/Interference = 17 dB
For N (reuse pattern) = 7, d/r = 4.6
MSC – Mobile Service/Switching Center
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
8
GSM (2G) Standard Reference Model
Um
D
AuC
HLR
VLR
SMSC
MT
B
BTS
Abis
TRAU
BSC
optional
Ater
A MSC/VLR
C
E
GMSC
EIR
F
BTS
SS7 signaling
SS7 signaling + trunks
AuC - Authentication Center
BSC - Base Stations Controller
BTS – Base Transceiver Station (50–100 BTS)
EIR – Equipment Identity Register
GMSC - Gateway Mobile Service Center
HLR – Home Location Register (one per ntwk)
VLR – Visitor Location Register
PSTN
MT – Mobile Terminal
ME - Mobile Equipment (IMEI – International Mobile Equipment
Identity)
+ SIM (Subscriber Identity Card containing IMSI – International
Mobile Subscriber Identity)
SMSC - Short Message Service Center
PSTN - Public Switching Telephone Network
TRAU – Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
9
Location update
Registration (passive), Handover (active)
A
B
distance
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
EIR
SMSC
F
C
AuC
GMSC
PSTN
HLR
E
D
B
B
MSC1
VLR1
MSC2
VLR2
G
A
A
BSC1
BSC2
Abis
Abis
BTS1
Um
BTS2
MS*
Um
*Mobile Station = MT + ME
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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GSM Location Update (Registration)
MS
BSS2*
New
MSC2/VLR
GMSC/HLR/AuC
Previous
MSC1/VLR
Channel Request
Channel Assigned
Loc Update Request
Loc. info Update
Send Auth. Info
Authentication Info
Authentication Challenge
Authentication Response
Update Location
Insert Subscr. Data
Cancel Location
Cancel Location Ack
Subscr. Data Ack
Update Location Ack
Location Update Accept
Clear Channel
Clear Complete
Channel Released
*BSS = BTS + BSC
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
12
GSM Standard Reference Model (2)
BTS: radio station that talks to mobiles.
BSC: allocate channels and other resources.
HLR: IMSI, last location area, class of
service.
VLR: IMSI, class of service.
AuC: secret key (the same as in SIM card).
EIR: IMEI if reported stolen marked
invalid.
SMSC: Short Message Service data base.
All Interfaces are SS7 protocol based
SMSC
GMSC
PSTN
E
C
VLR
AuC
MSC
HLR
F
R
TE
A
Abis
Um
MT
BTS
BSC
GSM signaling + voice
Signaling
EIR
D
Radio Resource Management: BSC radio/fixed
channels/slots Allocation during call setup, and handoffs.
Mobility management: HLR/VLR – registration, inter
MSC handoffs, authentication
Connection Management: MSC + supplementary services
and Short Message Service.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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GPRS: GSM Packet Radio Service (2.5G)
PDN - Packet Data Network (Internet)
PLMN - Public Land Mobile Network
PSTN – Public Switching Telephone
Network
SMSC
GMSC
PSTN
E
C
Gd
VLR
AuC
MSC
HLR
EIR
F
R
TE
A
Abis
Um
MT
BTS
D
Gr
Gf
Gs
Gc
Gb
BSC
SGSN
PDN
GGSN
Gn
TE
Gi
Gn
Gp
SGSN
GSM signaling + voice
Signaling
Signaling + data
SGSN
other PLMN
BSC – splits voice and data traffic)
GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node
SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node
(protocol converter and router)
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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UMTS (3G)
SMSC
GMSC
PSTN
E
C
Gd
VLR
AuC
MSC
HLR
F
Gs
R
TE
MT
BTS
EIR
Gr
Gf
A
Abis
Um
D
Gc
Gb
BSC
SGSN
Gn
Uu
UE
Iubis
NodeB
(BTS)
TE
Gi
IuCS
Gp
RNC
IuPS
SGSN
other PLMN
GSM signaling + voice
Signaling
Signaling + data
PDN
GGSN
UE - User Equipment
Node B - Logical node for radio T/R.
(equivalent to BTS).
RNC - Radio Network Controller
(equivalent to BSC).
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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GSM Air Interface Um
One multiframe = 26 frames = 120 msec
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T 1 frame = 8 slots = 4.62 ms
0* 1
2
3
4
5
6
T - Traffic Channel (TCH)
A - Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
7
3tail 8.25 gua3tail 57 message/ 1 26 training
1 57 message/
bits rd bits
bits data bits
Sequence bits
data bits
156.25 bits/0.577 msec = 270.797 kbps
140 useful bits.
Stealing bits
For FACCH
TCH for uplink and downlink are separated by 3 burst periods so that MS
does not have to transmit and receive simultaneously.
*If only one carrier per cell this slot is shared by: BCCH, CCCH, and SDCCH.
If more then one carrier this slot is shared by BCCH and CCCH and next slot
Carries SDCCH.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
16
GPRS CCHs
Uplink
Downlink
CCCH
Common Control Ch.
RACH
Random Access Ch.
PCH
Paging Ch.
AGCH
Access Grant Ch.
NCH
Notification Ch.
voice
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
Random Access use
Slotted Aloha
PRACH
Packet Random Access Ch.
PCCCH
Common Control Ch.
packet
PPCH
Paging Ch.
PAGCH
Access Grant Ch.
PNCH
Notification Ch.
PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel
BCCH – general info regarding BTS and network and of the CCCH configuration.
CCCH – Common Control Channel
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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GPRS TCH and Associated CCHs
stand-alone
4(8) slots
SDCCH/4(8)
Stand-alone Dedicated Control Ch.
Voice Traffic Channel
F(H) Full(Half) Rate
TCH
Traffic Ch.
SACCH/C4(C8)
Slow SDCCH/4(8) Associated Control Ch.
FACCH/F(H)
Fast Associated Control Ch.
E-FACCH/F
Enhanced Fast Associated Control Ch.
SACCH/F(H)
Slow Associated Control Ch.
SACCH/M
Slow Associated Control Ch. for Multislot configur.
SACCH/CTS
Slow Associated Control Ch. for CTS
Packet Traffic Channel
PACCH Packet Associated Control Ch.
PTCCH Packet timing Advance Control Ch.
SDCCH – used prior to call for SMS or signaling.
SACCH – used when MS in on call to signal power strength in preparation for
handoff and SMS.
FACCH – used when MS on call for non-voice info like supplementary services and
control
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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Burst Structure
Stealing bits for FACCH
Normal Burst
3tail
bits
57 message/
data bits
26 training
sequence bits
1
1
3tail
bits
57 message/
data bits
8.25 guard bits
Training bits are for equalization. Radio waves bounce of everything. Which one to use is determined
by training sequence bits. It keeps MS in phase with BTS.
FCB Frequency Control Burst
3tail
bits
142 “0” bits (empty frame)
3tail
bits
8.25 guard bits
3tail
bits
8.25 guard bits
SCB Synchronous Control Burst
3tail
bits
38 message or
training bits
1
64 extended training
sequence bits
38 message or
training bits
1
Access Control Burst
8 tail bits
44 synchronization bits
36 encryption bits
60 guard bits
8.25 guard bits
Voice coders (Vocoders) full-rate 13 kbps, half-rate 7 kbps.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
19
GPRS Interfaces
Application
IP/X.25
IP/X.25
relay
SNDCP
SNDCP
LLC
LLC
TCP/
UDP
BSSGP
IP
Ntwk
L2
L2
L1bis
L1
L1
relay
RLC
RLC
GTP
GTP
TCP/
UDP
IP
BSSGP
MAC
MAC
Ntwk
GSM RF
GSM RF
L1bis
BSS
MS
Um
GGSN
Gb
SGSN
Gn
Gi
SNDCP – Sub-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol.
Maps networks layer protocol like IP/X.25 into underlying LLC
BSSGP – Base Station GPRS Protocol. Processes routing and QoS for BSS.
LLC – Link Layer Control (LAPD).
GTP – GPRS Tunnel Protocol
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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GPRS Location Update - Attach
MS
New
SGSN/VLR
BSS
HLR/AuC
Previous
SGSN/VLR
Packet Channel Req.
Channel Assigned
Attach Request
Attach Request
Authentication Challenge
Send Auth. Info
Authentication Info
Packet Channel Req.
Channel Assigned
Authentication Response
Update GPRS Loc
Cancel Location
Insert Subscr. Data
Cancel Location RR
Subscr. Data RR
Update GPRS Loc RR
Attach Accept
Packet Channel Req.
Channel Assigned
Attach Complete
Attach Complete
Ack
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
21
PDP Context (IP address allocation)
MS
BSS
SGSN
Internet
GGSN
Activate PDP Context
Autentication Request
Autentication Response
PDP Context Req.
PDP Context Accept
PDP Context Resp.
SNDCP PDU
GTP PDU
TCP/IP PDU
TCP/IP PDU
GTP PDU
SNDCP PDU
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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CDMA concept
Senders
d1o=1
Data bits
Zi,1m = di1cm1
d11=-1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
Chip rate
Spreading factor = chip_rate/data_rate.
dB = 10 log( spreading rate/data rate )
has the same effect as dB (signal/noise).
1
Chips
-1
-1
-1 -1 -1
d21=1
Data bits
1
-1 -1 -1
d2o=1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
Chips
-1
-1
-1
Zi,2m = di2cm2
-1
Channel Zi,*m
1
1 1
1
-1
1
1 1
-1
-1 -1 -1
2
1
2 2 2
2
-1 -1 -1
1
-2
1 1 1
-1
1 1 1
-1
1 1 1
-1
d1o=1
d11=-1
2
-2
d1i = (Sm Zi,*mc1m)/M
d21=1
1 1
d2o=1
d2i = (Sm Zi,*mc2m)/M
-1
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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UMTS W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA)
15 TDD slots/frame
etc.
2,000 mks
1,333 mks
667 mks
EU
Uplink: 1920 - 1980 MHz
Downlink: 2110 - 2170 MHz
12 Channels * 15 slots = 180 channels
Each channel can be used as up-link and down-link.
This enables asymmetric slot allocation.
5
10
15 etc. MHz
CDMA channels 5 MHz each
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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W-CDMA Frame Format
One superframe = 72 frames = 720 msec
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
1 frame = 15 slots = 10 ms
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14
1 slot = 2560 chips = 0.667 ms
Data or Control: Uplink or Downlink
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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WCDMA Concept
data sequence (bits/sec)
SF (Spreading Factor) = chip_rate/bit_rate = 2^k.
spreading sequence (chips/sec)
Chip Rate = 3.84 Mbps
For transmit sequences to be orthogonal it must be:
transmit sequence
==> SF (chosen) = 3.84 Mbps/bit_rate.
Orthogonal functions with spreading factors
1111
11
1 1-1-1
1
1-11-1
1-1
1-1-11
SF=1
SF=2
SF=4
For speech of 12.2 kbps the spreading
factor = 314.75 or gain = 25 dB. Max
spreading factor = 256 with gain 24 dB.
Maximum data rate = 960 kbps (gross) = 460
(net) which gives spreading factor = 4 and
the gain of 6 dB.
How do we achieve 2 Mbps (net). Using 5
time slots.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
26
Evolution of UMTS Core Network
3GPP 1999 (from slide 9)
RNC
UE
MSC/
VLR
Iur
ME
USIM
Iu-cs
SMSC
PCM
PCM
GMSC
PSTN
D
C
Iub
signaling
AuC
Node B
Gs
RNC
Gd
Signaling
+ SMS
CS (voice)
HSS
Gr
Iub
Gc
Iu-ps
(GTP/IP)
SGSN
PS (data)
Gi
(IP)
Gn
GGSN
Internet
Node B
UTRAN
Core Network
HSS – Home Subscriber Server (previous HLR)
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
27
3GPP Release 4 March 2004
signaling
AuC
CS (voice)
HSS
PS (data)
Iu-cs
RNC
(control)
Iur
Iub
Iu-cs
Node B
GMSC
Server
RTP/IP
MGW
SS7
GW
H248/IP
H248/IP
(bearer)
RNC
IP
MSC/VLR
Server
PCM
PSTN
MGW
Iub
Gi
(IP)
Gn
Iu-ps
(GTP/IP)
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
UTRAN
Core Network
HSS – Home Subscriber Server (previous HLR)
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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3GPP Release 5 June 2004
all
background
Streamline/
interactive
RNC
SIP proxy
AuC
HSS
Iur
Node B
Cx
MGC
Mg
Gr
Iub
Iu-IM
RNC
conversational
CSCF
Mc
Gn
SGSN
Gi
GGSN
MGW
PSTN
Iub
Node B
Gi
Internet
UTRAN
IM – IP Media domain
MGC – Media Gateway Controller
CSCF – Call State Control Function
Core Network
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
29
WiFi (Wireless LAN) architecture*
PCF (Point Cordination Function)
or infrastructure mode
Router
Server
LAN
about
30 m
Access
Point - AP
Wireless
LAN – BSS**
Access
Point - AP
Wireless
LAN
AP polls base stations
*Tanenbaum Chapter 4.4.
** Basic Service Set
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
30
WiFi (Wireless LAN) architecture
DCF (Distributed Cordination Function)
or point-to-point mode
D
B
A
C
Range
of B
Range
of A
1.
Hidden station problem: A is transmitting to B. If D senses the channel it will
not hear anything and falsely conclude that it may start transmitting to B.
2.
Exposed station problem (inverse): A is transmitting to D. B wants to transmit
to C however it hears channel busy.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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Frequency range and IEEE 802.11
ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band:
– 902 – 928 MHz
– 2.4 – 2.4835 GHz
– 5.735 – 5.860 GHz
Upper layers
Logical Link Control
DCF
Infrared FHSS
PCF
DSSS
MAC
physical
DCF – Distributed Coordination Function
PCF – Point Coordination Function
FHSS – Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
DSSS – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
32
DCF MACAW (Multiple Access with
Collision Avoidence for Wireless)
Station A
RTS
Station B
Station C
(hidden from B)
Station D
(hidden from A)
Fragm1
CTS
Fragm2
Ack
Ack
NAV*
NAV
Since probability of correct frame is low, MAC layer splits the frame into
fragments and creates acknowledgment.
*Network Allocation Vector
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
33
Combo: DCF and PCF
Station B
Ack
SIFS
PIFS
DIFS
EIFS
SIFS (Shortest InterFrame Spacing) allows parties already in a dialog to go first
letting: sender to send next fragment without repeated RTS, receiver to
send ack, receiver to respond to RTS by CTS, etc.
PIFS (PCF InterFrame Spacing) allows Base Station to grab a channel. Base
Station (if nothing to send) broadcasts beacon frame every 1 to 10 msec to
inform about clock synchronization, polling sequence etc.
DIFS (DCF InterFrame Spacing) any station may attempt to get a channel to
start a new frame.
EIFS (Extended InterFrame Spacing) allows receiving station to report a bad
frame.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
34
802.11 Data Frame, Fig. 4-30
Frame
control
Duration
Addr
1
Addr2
Addr3
Seq
Addr4
2
2
6
6
6
2
6
Version
Type
Subtype
To
DS
From
DS
MF
Retry
Pwr
Data (0-2312)
0 – 2312
CHK
4
Bytes
More W O
2
2
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 bits
Version
- protocol version.
Type
- data, control, or management frame.
Subtype
- RTS, CTS or Ack.
To/From DS - frame is coming from another distribution system (another Ethernet cell).
MF
- more fragments will follow.
Retry
- retransmission of a frame sent earlier.
Pwr
- used by the Base Station to off/on power of the receiver.
More
- sender has more frames.
W
- frame body has been encrypted into WEP (Wireless Equivalent Privacy).
O
- sequence of frames with this bit must be processed strictly in order.
Duration
- duration in the channel of this frame and its ack.
Addr1 and 2 - source and destination address.
Addr3 and 4 - source and destination address within another (inter)cell.
Seq
- 12 bits are for frame number and 4 for fragment.
Data
- payload up to 2312 bytes.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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Internet Applications and Services
• DNS – Domain Name System
• Electronic mail
– MIME – Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
• World Wide Web
HTML – HyperText Markup Language
XML – eXtesible Markup Language
XHTML – eXtended HyperText Markup Language
Dynamic Web Documents
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
36
Wireless Application and Services
• SMS - Short Message Service
–
–
–
–
–
Infrastructure
Protocol layers
Structure of Message Segment
Network Functions for Message Delivery
SMS and Email Delivery
• EMS - Enhanced Messaging Service
–
–
–
–
Basic EMS
Animation
MIDI – Musical Instruments Digital Interface
Color Animation
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
37
Wireless Multimedia Application
and Services
• WAP – Wireless Application Protocol
–
–
–
–
WAP Protocol Stack
WAP Languages and Design Tool
WAP Traffic Modelling and Performance issues
Wireless Web
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
38
MMS - Multimedia Messaging Service
• MMS Architecture
– MMS Environment
– MMS Client
– MMS Center
– Interfaces
– WAP realization of MMS
– Message sending, retrieval, forwarding,
reports.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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MMS - Multimedia Messaging Service
• Transaction Flow
– Person-to-Person
– Content-to-Person
– Message delivery, cancellation, replacement
– Delivery Report and Error Handling
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
40
IMPS - Instant Messaging and
Presence Service
•
•
•
•
Infrastructure
Protocols
Security
Evolution
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
41
Push-to-Talk
•
•
•
•
Architecture
Standardization
Service Access
Performance
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
42
LBS - Location based Services
•
•
•
•
LBS server
Positioning System
Supplementary Systems
LBS Clients
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
43
3GPP – Third Generation Partnership Project
History: ETSI (European Telecommunications Standard Institute) SMG (Special Mobile
Group) + CEPT (Conference Europeanne des Postes et Telecommunications
carried GSM standards for 18 years -> 2000 -> 3GPP.
1998 Joint project between 6 standardization bodies from:
Europe (ETSI), North America (T1), Korea (TTA – Telecommunication Technology
Association), Japan (TTC - Telecommunication Technology Committee and ARIB –
Association of Radio Industries and Business), China (CWCS – China Wireless
Telecommunications Standard)
Structure:
3GPP = PCG (Project Coordination Group) => TSG (Technical Specification Groups) to
create and maintain 3GPP specifications.
Objective:
–
–
–
UMTS technical specification
maintain existing GSM specifications
developing further GSM extensions (like GPRS)
Involved in development of messaging standards:
–
–
–
–
General service requirements
Architecture
Formats and codecs
Low level technical realizations
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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3GPP – Documents
TR – Technical Reports:
• Feasibility studies that may become standards.
TS – Technical Specifications:
• Define GSM/UMTS standards published
independently by constituents.
• Specs are usually frozen for 1 to 1.5 years
between releases (only essential corrections
allowed).
• Three stages:
– Service description from user’s perspective
– Logical analysis -> functional architecture and
information flow
– Implementation = technical realizations
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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3GPP – Organizational Structure
TSG - Technical Specification Groups
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
ti
o
n
G
r
o
u
p
(
P
C
G
)
TSG CN
Core Network
TSG GERAN
GSM EDGE
Radio Access
Network
TSG RAN
Radio Access
Network
TSG SA
Services &
System Aspects
TSG T
Terminals
CN (Core Network):
-WG1 Call Control, Session Management, Mobility Management (Iu)
-WG2 CAMEL (Customized Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic)
-WG3 Interworking with external networks
-WG4 MAP/GTB/BCH/SS
-WG5 Open Service Architecture (OSA)
GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access network):
-WG1 Radio Access
-WG2 Protocol aspects
-WG3 Base Station Testing and OA&M
-WG4 Terminal Testing Radio Aspects
-WG5 Terminal Testing Protocol Aspects
RAN (Radio Access Network):
-WG1 Radio Layer 1 Spec
-WG2 Radio Layer 2 Spec
-WG3 Iub, Iur, Iu specs and UTRAN O7M requirement
SA (Service Architecture):
-WG1 Services
-WG2 Architecture
-WG3 Security
-WG4 Codec
-WG5 Telecom Management
T (Terminals):
-WG1 Mobile Terminal Conformance Testing
-WG2 MT Services and Capabilities
-WG3 Universal Subscriber identity Module
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3GPP Milestones
Timeline
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
MMS
EMS
Service
availability
SMS
UMTS
Network
availability
Standardization milestone
GPRS
3GPP
R96
3GPP 3GPP
R97 R98
WAP
1.0
GSM
3GPP 3GPP
Rel.99 Rel.4
WAP
1.2.1
WAP
2.0
3GPP
Rel.5
OMA
MMS
1.1
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
3GPP
Rel.6
OMA
MMS
1.2
OMA
MMS
1.3
47
3GPP – Documents
Document number
aa.bbb or aa.bb
3GPP TS 23.040 V5.1.0
Document type:
TS: Techn. Spec
TR: Techn Report
Document version:
x: major version or release
y: technical version
z: editorial version
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership
Project 2
Joint project between ITU (International Telecommunication
Union) and IMT-200 (International Mobile
Telecommunications.
Objective:
– produce specification for services deployed in North
American and Asian markets for CDMA networks
– Adopting 3GPP and OMA interfaces for CDMA.
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GSMA – GSM Association
Global trade organization that represents the
interest of several hundreds of GSM
mobile operators.
Objective: promoting, protecting, enhancing
the interests of GSM operators. It
publishes technical recommendations
widely endorsed by GSM community.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force
Documents start by RFC (Request For Comments), i.e. RFC 822
Stable RFC may fall into Standard Track documents:
* technical specifications (description of protocol,
service,
procedure, convention, or format.
* applicability statements.
1. Proposed standard is registered by IESG (Internet Engeneering
Steering Group) and given to public for review.
2. Proposed standard is moved to draft standard if it has at least two
implementations.
3. If proposed standard reaches maturity for many implementations it
becomes Internet Standard and gets the name:
RFC 822 Standard for the format of ARPA Internet text messages.
D. Crocker. Aug-13-1982/Status: STANDARD/STD0011.
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W3C – WWW Consortium created 1994
Development widely accepted protocols and formats for WWW.
TS from W3C are known as recommendations.
W3C collaborates closely with IETF. Example of documents are:
HTML, URI, HTTP, XML, XHTML, SVG, SMIL.
W3C are organized into following five domains:
• Architecture domain: WWW architecture.
• Documents format domain: definition of formats and languages.
• Interaction domain: user interactions with WWW.
•Technology and Society domain: social and legal issues.
•Web Accessibility Initiative: promoting usability for disabled people.
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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W3C documents release procedures
Proposed
recommendation
Candidate
recommendation
Increasing level
of maturity
Last call
Working draft
Working
draft
www.w3c.org
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WAP Forum
WAP forum -> 2002 -> Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)
Documents:
• Specification: proposal, draft, etc.
• Change Request: unofficial proposal to change spec. initiated by individuals
(forum members).
• Specification Change Documents (SCD): proposed modification of
specification released only by specification working group.
• Specification Implementation Note (SIN): an approved modification of
previously published spec.
Specification state
A: approved
P: proposed
T: prototype
O: obsolete
D: draft
Specification
registered name
WAP-205-MMSArchOverview-20010425-a
Document
identifier
Specification version (date)
25/04/2001
Faruk Hadziomerovic: Wireless Communications and Services, SSST Fall 2009
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OMA – Open Mobile Alliance
Established 2002 by about 200 companies to develop interoperable
application enablers, which are bearer agnostic, and independent of
any operating system.
Working groups:
• Requirements (REQ); identify cases for services and interoperability
requirements.
• Architecture (ARCH): design of overall OMA architecture.
• Messaging group (MWG): building application enablers for
messaging services. Sub-working group MMSG is responsible for
design of OMA MMS standard
• Mobile Web Services (MWS): responsible for OMA Web Services.
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