Download Local Area Network Management,Design and Security

Local Area Network
Management,Design and
Security
• Hårdvara i LAN
– Kap.3 i kursboken
• Jag har kastat in delar i kapitlet.
Servrar
Filhantering (fig 3.2)
• Diskserver
• Filserver
• Applikationsservrar
– Klient/server-teknik
• Databas
• Ekonomisystem
• Web/FTP/m.fl.
– ”Terminal”-teknik
• MS Terminal server/Citrix
• m.fl.
Fig. 3.2 s. 114
The disk server
lets users share
the disk.
User 1
User 2
User 3
Programs and data
can be shared on the
file server
U. 1
User 2
Word proc..
Spreadsheets
Other progs
User 9
User area
Data area
Högprestanda-anslutning
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SB
SCSI (SCUZZY).
Serial SCSI IEEE1394 (FireWire, i.Link)
IP storage/iSCSI
Fibre Channel
Serial ATA
Internal
devices
Terminator
Internal
devices
Terminator
CD-rom
CD-rom
Disk
Disk
External
devices
Terminator
Scanner
Printer
Terminator
Fig. 3.4 SCSI-terminering
SCSI (scuzzy)
Small Computer System
Interface
• SCSI-1 5MHz 8bitar 40Mbps 1 enhet.
• SCSI-2 standard SCSI (Narrow).
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–
Narrow 5MHz 8bitar 40Mbps 7 enheter
Fast
10MHz 8bitar 80Mbps 7 enheter.
Wide
5MHz 16bitar 80Mbps 15 enheter.
Fast Wide 10MHz 16bitar 160Mbps 15 enh.
SCSI (scuzzy)
SB
• SCSI-3.
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–
–
–
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Ultra SCSI 20MHz 8 bitar 160Mbps (20) 7/3…
Wide Ultra SCSI 20 16 320Mbps (40) 15
Ultra2 SCSI
40 8 320Mbps (40MByte/s) 7
Wide Ultra2 SCSI 40 16 640 (80MByte/s) 15
Ultra3 SCSI
80 8 640Mbps 7 (80MByte/s) 7
Wide Ultra3(Ultra160) 80 16 1280Mbps (160MB/s) 15
Ultra320
160 16 2560Mbps (320MByte/s) 15
SCSI (scuzzy)
SB
• Singel ended (SE) 1 tråd/signal (1,5-3m)
• Differential 2 trådar /signal (motsatt
spänning) (25m)
• Low-voltage differential (LVD)
lägre spänning (12m)
• SCA Single Connector Attachment
SCSI (scuzzy)
• Kontakter Table 3.3 s.119
– + VHDCI
• SCSI ID
– Kontroller ID# 7 (Högst prioritet)
– Bootdisk ID# 0
• Terminering Fig. 3.4 s.120
• Table 3.4 s.121 obs id# 7 & Diff./LVD
Serial SCSI IEEE1394 (FireWire,
i.Link)
SB
• IEEE1394 FireWire
100-400 Mbps
12,5-50 MBps
• IEEE1394B FireWire800/FireWire1600
800-1600 Mbps
100-200 MBps
Skärmad koppar 4,5m,
CAT-5 & Fiber 100m
• [45W]
IP storage/iSCSI
SB
• IP Storage
is a technology that encompasses block
storage transfer over an IP network.
• iSCSI is a protocol standard for
encapsulating SCSI in TCP/IP for transfer
over an IP network
• TCP Offload Technology
TCP Offload Engine (TOE)
Fibre Channel
SB
• Seriellt kommunikationsprotokoll används:
– Punkt till punkt
– Ringnät (FC-AL) max 126 enheter
Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop
– Växlat nät (FC fabric) Fibre Channel Fabric
224 adresser (~16 miljoner enheter)
Olika fabrikat sällan helt kompatibla
Fibre Channel
SB
• Koppar-kabel (500m)- eller Fiber-kabel
(~10 km)
• Dubblerad kabel för säkerhetens skull.
• Felrättande kod på byte och paketnivå
• Hastigheter: 100MByte/s -> 400MByte/s
På gång (1,6 GByte/s = 12,8 Gbit/s)
• Enheter kan anslutas under drift (Hot-plug)
• LAN Free backup
Fibre Channel Class Of Service
• FC Class-1: Dedicated connection, full
bandwidth, and confirmed delivery
• FC Class-2: Confirmed delivery
• FC Class-3: "Data Gram" delivery NOT
confirmed
• FC Class-4: Virtual Connection, fractional
bandwidth, confirmed delivery
SB
Serial ATA
SB
• 150 MByte/sec (SATA II 300MByte/s)
Serial ATA is a "serial" architecture as opposed to today's "parallel" ATA internal disc
drive bus.
Serial ATA wraps many bits of data into a packet and then at a higher speed (up to
50% higher) than parallel, transfers the packet of data down the wire to or from the
host.(Point-to-point)
With ”parallel” ATA Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC) is performed on the data
being transmitted back and forth but not on the commands.
Serial ATA integrates CRC on the command and data packet level for enhanced bus
reliability. Cyclic redundancy code detects all single and double-bit errors and ensures
detection of 99.998% of all possible errors.
A Serial ATA drive can transfer data at 150MB/sec on the bus to the host system with
extremely reliable accuracy and the Serial ATA interface will continue to allow
scalability for a very long time.
http://www.serialata.org/
Hårdvara i en server
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Datalagring
Bussar & In/Ut-enheter (I/O)
Primär-minne
Moderkort/Chipset
CPU/Cache
Låda med power-supply och UPS
Backupenheter
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Datalagring
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Floppydisk (FDD) (Diskett)
Diverse skivor (ZIP-Drive. MMO m.fl)
CD/DVD CD/RW
CD-växlare
Stora system kostar ofta 500-1000:-/cd-plats.Flera
läsare/brännare kan ofta installeras i växlaren och
dessa kan då användas parallellt.
• Hårddiskar (HDD)
• ”Tapestorage”
Hårddiskar (HDD)
SB
• IDE
2 st enheter
EIDE
2+2 st enheter (vanligast)
• SATA
1st enhet/anslutning
• SCSI 1 & 2 7st enheter
SCSI 2 & 3 (Wide) 15st enheter
-----------------------------------------------• JBOD Just a Bunch Of Disks
• RAID
• NAS/SAN
Bussar
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ISA
EISA
MCA
Local bus
VESA local bus
PCI local bus
AGP(1,2,4,8)
(Interna, på moderkortet)
Bild med jämförelse av ”bus”prestanda
• Table 3.5 s.128
+ AGPx8
In/Ut-enheter (I/O)
SB
1. Serie-portar
2. Parallell-portar
3. USB
(Universal Serial Bus)
4. IEEE1394/1394B (FireWire, i.Link)
5. IDE/EIDE
(Integrated drive electronics)
6. SATA
(Serial ATA)
7. SCSI (Scuzzy) (Small computer system interface)
8. SSA
(Serial storage architecture)
9. Fibre Channel
10. IP-storage/iSCSI
Primär-minne
• Minne
Grundrek. 512-1024 Mbyte i server
• Läs om minnen s.128-132
• SDRAM
• DDR-SDRAM (Dubbel fart)
• Direct Rambus DRAM (DRDRAM)
Moderkort/Chipset
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Nytt •
AT/ Baby AT (! För gammalt)
ATX
(Vanligaste kortet)
LPX
(PCI-kort på eget ”kort”)
NLX
(PII/PIII-processor, USB ingår)
WTX
(Lågpris-kort)
EATX
(Ej standard max 13” x 12”
”Rackmonteringskortet” 1U)
• Chipset ! (s.138-139)
• Flerprocessorkort
CPU/Cache
SB
• CPU
2 st endast 50% ökning av prestanda, men
en hängd CPU tillåter ändå access till datorn
om den andra svarar.
• Cache L1, L2 (L3 i minnet)
Låda med power supply
• Krav på låda för server:
– Bra med platser för enheter
– Luftig (Bra med utrymme och bra fläktar)
– Power supply ska orka driva allt.
• Figure 3.13 & Table 3.8 s.140 + Rackmonterat
19”-rack
• Redundant power supply
Dubblerad strömförsörjning inne i dator eller annan
utrustning, var och en klarar av att driva hela
utrustningen själv.
UPS
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
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Batteri-drift
Störskydd
Signalkabel fig.6.15 s.244
Driftstid batterier?
Skydd för NIC?
Övervakningsbar? (SNMP)
Fig 6.15 s.244
COM1:
UPS
Power net
Backup-enheter S.141-143
• Disketter
• Andra skivor
– Zipdrive/LS-120 mfl
– CD/RW
– DVD/RW
• Minnesmoduler (extremt snabbt )
• Flyttbara hård-diskar
• Backup-station
Backup-station
SB
• Automatisk Backup:
– Autochanger, Autoloader, Library
• Backup-tape:
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QIC -> 6Mbyte/minut 1-5Gbyte
4mmDAT 2.4 Mbyte/sec 40GB compressed
D8 (8mm) 14GB ?
DLT III- IV 1,5-6Mbyte/sec 20-80GB compressed
Super DLT 12Mbyte/sec 100- GB compressed (Quantum.)
AIT Advanced Intelligent Tape (SONY)
Ultrium (Ultrium Linear Tape Open (LTO))
IBM, HP and Seagate’s nya bandtyp Generation 1 tape max 100Gbyte
AIT-1
SB
• AIT-1 format, introduced in 1996,
capacity 25GB (65GB compressed*)
An extended length tape for the AIT-1 drive was
introduced to offer additional capacity of 35GB
(91GB compressed*).
3 (7,8)Mbyte/s data transfer rate (compressed*).
*2,6:1 komprimering
AIT-2 & 3
SB
• AIT-2
capacity 50GB (130GB)
data transfer rate 6 (15,6)MB/s
• AIT-3
capacity 100GB (260GB)
data transfer rate 12 (31,2) MB/s.
(compressed)
Mer AIT
SB
• SAIT-1
capacity 500GB and a data transfer rate of up to
30MB/s.
• AIT-4 is now in development planning for 2004.
In keeping with the original plan of doubling
capacity and transfer rate, this format would offer
200 (520)GB of native capacity, with a data
transfer rate of 24 (62,4)MB/s
Ultrium
SB
•
Ultrium provides for 4 different cartridge capacities (20, 60, 100, and 200 GB-assumes 2:1 compression) and 8-channel head geometries in the first
generation that provides for data transfer rates of 20-40 MB/ second (2:1
compression). The multiple-capacity cartridges allow the technology to be
matched to capacity, performance, and cost requirements of the application.
Generation 1 Generation 2
Generation 3
Generation 4
Capacity(2:1 comp)
200 GB
400 GB
800 GB
1.6 TB
Transfer Rate MB/sec 2:1 comp)
20-40
40-80
80-160
160-320
•
Instant Access to Usage Data—via LTO CM (cartridge memory), an embedded
electronics and interface module that can store and retrieve a cartridge's
historical usage and other information.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Använd speciella NIC i server eftersom
dessa har stöd för snabbare nätaccess, oftast
i form av större buffrar.
• Stöd för automatisk växling (hot-spare) till
reserv NIC kan också finnas.
• Läs mer om NIC & kablar i boken s.143149 & 151-158
Klientdator (Workstation)
• Klientdator – PC med NIC !
• Tunna klienter (Disk-lösa)
– BootPROM på NIC – OS på server
– PXE på NIC – OS på server
• MS Terminalservices
Skrivare
SB
• Skrivare(Printer)
Till dom flesta laserskrivare finns nätverkskort
som tillbehör.
Andra typer av skrivare kan via speciell extern
nätverks-utrustning (print-server) ansluta standard
parallell-port.
Övrigt
SB
• Hot-swap
Enheten kan bytas under drift
• Hot-spare
Enheten är monterad i förväg, normalt sker
växling till ny enhet automatiskt
• Hot-plug
Enhet kan kopplas in under drift
jmf. USB, Ethernet hub/switch, SAN mfl.