Download 4 The Treaty of Versailles

■Essential Question:
–What were the major provisions
of Wilson’s 14 Points & the
Treaty of Versailles?
■Warm-Up Question:

■Essential Question:
–What were the major provisions
of Wilson’s 14 Points & the
Treaty of Versailles?
■Warm-Up Question:
–What were the purposes of the
WIB & CPI during WWI?
–Which group was more affected
by WWI: African-Americans,
Women, or Socialists? Explain
The End of World War I
■ The world was transformed by WWI:
–22 million soldiers & civilians had
died; 20 million were wounded;
10 million became refugees
–Towns & farms along the Western
& Eastern Fronts were destroyed
–The war cost an estimated
$338 billion & massive funds were
needed to rebuild Europe
22 million dead
20 million wounded
WWI Deaths
(Not Including Wounded or POW)
Devastation in Europe Due to WWI
Before
After the
theWar:
War:Village
Villageof
ofEsnes
Esnes
Devastation in Europe Due to WWI
Before
After the
theWar:
War:Hotel
Hotelde
delalaPrincerie,
Princerie,Verdun
Verdun
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
■ President Woodrow Wilson
believed that America ought
to take a lead in shaping the
peace process
■ Near the end of the war,
President Wilson developed his peace
plan known as the Fourteen Points:
–Based on eliminating the reasons for
WWI (militarism, imperialism)
–Hoped to avoid all future wars by
creating an international forum to
discuss & arbitrate problems
Five Minute Group Activity:
Examining Wilson’s Fourteen Points
■ In groups, examine Wilson’s Fourteen Points:
–Using the chart in your notes, write in your
own words what each section of Wilson’s
peace plan means
–Do not write anything in the column titled
“Was this point part of the Treaty of
Versailles?” (We will do this a bit later)
–Answer the questions below the chart &
be prepared for a quick class discussion
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
■President Wilson’s Fourteen Points
contained three main themes:
■(Points 1-5) Create new rules that
would eliminate the causes of WWI
–No more secret treaties
–Reduction of militaries
–Freedom of the seas
–International control over
colonies to end imperialism
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
■(Points 6-13) Divide weak empires
like Austria-Hungary & the Ottoman
Empire into new nations based on
national “self-determination”
–New nations should have their
borders drawn with consideration
to ethnic & national identities
–New nations should be free to
choose their own governments
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
■(Point 14) To create a League of
Nations to settle all future
international problems by
compromise rather than by war
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
■ Wilson traveled to the Paris Peace
Conference in 1919 to help create
the Treaty of Versailles:
–He hoped his Fourteen Points
would become the framework for
the peace treaty
–But, Wilson quickly learned that
European leaders did not share his
vision for a “peace without victory”
& wanted Germany to be punished
British Prime Minister
David Lloyd George
French Premier
George Clemenceau
“The Big Four”
Italian Prime Minister
Vittorio Orlando
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson
During the peace process, Wilson had to
compromise some of his Fourteen Points
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
■ Delegates agreed to create a
League of Nations that included:
–General Assembly of 27 nations
with an Executive Council
–Court of International Justice
–Agreement that arbitration &
economic sanctions would be
used to settle conflicts
–An agreement that member
nations would work together to
stop future acts of aggression
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
■Other treaty provisions included:
–Austria-Hungary was split in two,
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, &
Poland were formed
–Germany had to accept the “war
guilt clause,” pay $33 billion in
reparations, & lost all colonies
–No mention of free trade; No
end to imperialism, no reduction
in militaries for any of the Allies
Land
wasEurope
taken from
Germany
Ottoman
Empire
given tothe
was
Central
wasThe
redrawn
to&reduce
Poland;
Germany’s
border
divided;
with
Britain
France
& France
was
power
of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
demilitarized to avoid
gained
a future
mandates
invasion
in the
Middle East
New nations were
created
from
territory
Europe & Middle East
taken from Russia
(who
left WWI early
Before
& After
after the Bolshevik
Revolution)
World War
I
The Treaty
Versailles,
1919
But, President
Wilsonof
could
not sign the
treaty
because
Article
I
of
the
Constitution
gives
the
■On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of
Senate the power to ratify all treaties
Versailles was signed by
But, many
U.S. Senators
did notended
like theWWI
treaty
Germany
& officially
because of the League of Nations
Points 1-5:
New International Rules?
Points 6-13:
Divided Empires, New Nations,
Self-Determination?
Point 14: A League of Nations?
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
■ All the major European powers signed
the Treaty of Versailles & joined the
League of Nations
■ But, the
Senate was
divided
about what
joining the
League would
mean for the
future of the
United States
Read
“U.S. Rejection of the
Treaty of Versailles”
Article
10
of
the
League
Covenant:
The Debate over the League of Nations
The
Members of the League undertake to respect
2
■ &/3preserve
of the Senate
needed
ratify
as againstwas
aggression
theto
territorial
external
the
treatypolitical
& joinindependence
the League:of all
integrity
and
existing
Members of the League.
In case ofWilson
any such&
–Internationalists
supported
aggression
in case ofwas
any threat
saw theorLeague
a wayortodanger of
such aggression the Council shall advise upon the
guarantee
world
peace
in
the
future
means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.
–Strong reservationists led by Henry
Cabot Lodge wanted major changes
to Article 10
–Irreconcilables led by William Borah
wanted isolationism & refused join
the League under any circumstances
Rejection in the Senate
■ Reservationists & Irreconcilables
attacked the treaty & League:
–Wilson did not want to weaken the
League of Nations & refused to
compromise with the Senate
–Wilson toured the U.S. to gain
public support for the treaty, but
had a stroke during the tour
■ In 1920, the Senate voted against
the treaty & U.S. membership in the
League of Nations
Members of the League of Nations (in black)
The U.S. never joined the League & signed its
own peace treaty with Germany in 1921
Conclusions
■ The impact of the Great War:
–The U.S. began the 20th century
as an imperial power & reluctantly
entered WWI to protect free trade
–Involvement in WWI led to changes
for women & blacks, an economic
boom, & the restriction of liberties
–The U.S. played a major role in the
peace process, but refusal to join
the League weakened the ability of
world leaders to stop World War II