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Chapter 4 The Troubled World into Which Jesus Was Born ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education Key Topics/Themes • The division of Alexander’s empire after his death • The influence of Rome in Palestine ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education Alexander and His Successors • The conquests of Alexander • The Diadochi: Alexander’s successors – The Ptolemies (descendants of Ptolemy I) – The Seleucids (descendants of Seleucus) ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education Antiochus’s Persecution and the Maccabean Revolt ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education Palestine and the Hellenistic Kingdoms • The Seleucids gain control of Palestine from the Ptolemies (199 B.C.E.) • The rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-163 B.C.E.) ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education The Rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-163 B.C.E.) • Forced Hellenization upon the Jews • Outlawed the traditions of Judaism • Made Jerusalem Temple into shrine to Greek god Zeus • The martyrdoms endured by the Hasidim (“pious ones”) ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education Torah Loyalism, Martyrdom, and the Reward of Future Life • Torah loyalism and martyrdom in 2 Maccabees • Torah loyalism and martyrdom in the Book of Daniel ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education The Maccabean Revolt (166142 B.C.E.) • The defiance of Mattathias • Judas Maccabeus (the “Hammer”) • Rededication of the Temple, December 164 B.C.E. • The Feast of Dedication (Hanukkah) • The Hasmonean dynasty (142-40 B.C.E.) ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education The Domination of Rome • Roman general Pompey marches on Palestine (63 B.C.E.) • Jewish Hasmonean kings reduced to client rulers by Roman power ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education The Career of Herod the Great (37-4 B.C.E.) • Herod’s political expansion • Herod’s building projects – Fortresses (Masada) – Port city of Caesarea – Refurbishment of Jerusalem Temple ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education Herod’s Successors • Herod’s three sons – Herod Philip (4 B.C.E.-34 C.E.) – Herod Antipas (4 B.C.E.-39 C.E.) – Herod Archelaus (4 B.C.E.-6 C.E.) • Judea ruled by procurators after 6 C.E. • Other significant descendants – Herod Agrippa I (41-44 B.C.E.) – Herod Agrippa II ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education The Roman Emperors • Augustus (27-14 C.E.) • Tiberius (14-37 C.E.) • New Testament attitudes toward Rome – Jesus’ criticisms of Roman power – Key roles of Roman soldiers in Jesus ministry – Paul’s accommodating stance – Revelation: Rome an evil “harlot” ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education Jewish Revolts Against Rome • First revolt (66-73 C.E.) – Incited by Jewish nationalists – Crushed by Vespasian and Titus – Jerusalem and Temple destroyed (70 C.E.) – Chief historical source: Flavius Josephus • The bar Kochba revolt (132-135 C.E.) ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education Summary • Jesus’ life framed by Jewish wars for independence – Maccabean revolt (166-142 B.C.E.) – First Jewish revolt (66-73 C.E.) – Bar Kochba revolt (132-135 C.E.) • Jesus’ words and deeds to be interpreted in the context of seething Jewish nationalism ©McGraw-Hill Higher Education