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Hospital Procedures
Hospital Procedures
TM
1
Agriculture, Food, and Natural
Resource Standards Addressed
• AS.04.01. Evaluate animals for breeding readiness
and soundness.
• AS.04.02.03.a. Summarize the importance of efficient and
economic reproduction in animals.
• AS.07.01. Design programs to prevent animal
diseases, parasites and other disorders and ensure
animal welfare.
– AS.07.01.01.a. Identify and summarize specific tools
and technology used in animal health management.
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Spay/Neuter
• Neuter – Orchiectomy (castration)
– Removal of the testes
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3
Spay/Neuter
• Spay – Ovariohysterectomy
– Removal of the ovaries and the
entire uterus
–“spayed” not “spade” or “spaded”.
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4
Spay/Neuter
• In the past, was done when the
animal reached six months of
age.
• Today the operation can be
performed as early as six
weeks.
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5
Spay/Neuter
The Excuses:
1. It’s cruel to spay or
neuter.
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Spay/Neuter
The Excuses:
2. My pet will become fat
and lazy.
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7
Spay/Neuter
The Excuses:
3. It costs too much money.
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Spay/Neuter
The Excuses:
4. I have a male.
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Spay/Neuter
The Excuses:
5. It’s better for her to have
one litter.
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Spay/Neuter
The Excuses:
6. I have a purebred
animal.
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Spay/Neuter
The Excuses:
7. I want my children to
witness the miracle of
birth.
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Spay/Neuter
The Excuses:
8. I will sell the
puppies/kittens and make
money.
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Spay/Neuter
The Excuses:
9. My pet’s personality will
change.
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Spay/Neuter
The Excuses:
10. I am concerned about
my pet undergoing
anesthesia.
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Spay/Neuter
The Truth:
1. Spaying and neutering
contributes to a longer and
healthier life.
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Spay/Neuter
The Truth:
2. Spaying and neutering
prevents overpopulation.
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Spay/Neuter
The Truth:
3. An altered pet is better
for your family.
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Spay/Neuter
The Truth:
4. An altered pet is cleaner
– no spraying or bleeding.
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Spay/Neuter
The Truth:
5. Spaying and neutering
may prevent pets from
roaming and getting into
fights.
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Bandaging
• Bandaging methods are
designed for specific
areas of the body or
specific purposes.
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Bandaging
• The two areas most
commonly bandaged are
the abdomen and the
legs.
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Abdominal Bandage
• commonly called the
bellyband.
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Abdominal Bandage
• used after abdominal surgery
to prevent the animal from
licking the incision and to
keep it clean.
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Abdominal Bandage
• also used if an injury has
occurred in the abdominal area
to:
1) control fluid leakage
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Abdominal Bandage
• also used if an injury has
occurred in the abdominal area
to:
2) keep medication on the
wound
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Abdominal Bandage
• also used if an injury has
occurred in the abdominal area
to:
3) keep the wound as sterile as
possible
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Abdominal Bandage
• The bellyband consists of four
layers:
1) a sterile non-stick pad
2) a layer of absorbent cotton
3) a layer of gauze
4) a final layer of adhesive
bandage
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Abdominal Bandage
• The main goal when
applying a bellyband is to
keep it snug and smooth so
that it is comfortable and less
likely to slip loose.
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Abdominal Bandage
• It is important not to apply it
too tightly since this will
cause patient discomfort.
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Abdominal Bandage
• To apply a bellyband:
1) Start at the front of the
abdomen and wrap
towards the back
overlapping the edges of
the bandage.
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Abdominal Bandage
• To apply a bellyband:
2) When you reach the back,
wrap the bandage towards
the front, continuing to
overlap the edges.
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Abdominal Bandage
• To apply a bellyband:
Each layer should be
wrapped front and back at
least one time.
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Leg Bandages
• generally applied for the
purpose of:
1) covering an open wound
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Leg Bandages
• generally applied for the
purpose of:
2) lending support to the leg
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Leg Bandages
• generally applied for the
purpose of:
3) securing a catheter
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Leg Bandages
• usually have four layers for
wounds or catheters :
1) a non-stick pad
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Leg Bandages
• usually have four layers for
wounds or catheters :
2) absorbent cotton
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Leg Bandages
• usually have four layers for
wounds or catheters :
3) gauze
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Leg Bandages
• usually have four layers for
wounds or catheters :
4) adhesive bandage
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Leg Bandages
• Support leg bandages are
mostly used on horses.
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Support Leg
Bandages
• consist of a cotton or quilt
layer and an elastic bandage
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Support Leg
Bandages
• Whenever a bandage is
applied to a horse’s leg it
should be started on the
outside of the leg and
wrapped towards to back of
the leg.
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Support Leg
Bandages
• will support the tendons and
ligaments of the leg
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Vaccinations
• an important part of every
animal’s health care
program
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Vaccinations
• a large part of all
veterinary practices
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Vaccinations
• lessen the chance that an
animal will contract a
disease
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Vaccinations
• When and how often an
animal is vaccinated will
vary from vet to vet and
their location within the
country.
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Causes of Disease
• Diseases are divided into
two categories, infectious
and non-infectious.
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Causes of Disease
• Infectious diseases can be
passed from animal to
animal or from animal to
human.
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Causes of Disease
• Diseases that are passed
from animal to human are
called zoonotic.
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Causes of Disease
• Non-infectious diseases
cannot be passed from
one animal to another or
to humans.
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Infectious Diseases
• caused by bacteria,
viruses, fungi, rickettsiae,
helminthes, protozoa, and
arthropods
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Infectious Diseases
• disease-causing agents
can enter an animal
through the skin, mouth,
mucous membranes,
lungs, or reproductive
tract.
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Infectious Diseases
• can also be spread by
either direct or indirect
means.
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Infectious Diseases
Direct transmission
• occurs by skin contact,
ingestion of an infected
animal, inhalation, and
sexual/reproductive contact
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Infectious Diseases
Indirect transmission
• uses vectors, vehicles, and
fomites
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Infectious Diseases
Vectors
• mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, flies
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Infectious Diseases
Vehicles
• equipment (brushes,
buckets)
• instruments (needles,
scissors)
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Infectious Diseases
Fomites
water, air, soil, food
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Non-infectious
Diseases
caused by:
– dysfunctions of one or more
body systems
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Non-infectious
Diseases
caused by:
– nutritional deficiencies
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Non-infectious
Diseases
caused by:
– poisoning
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Non-infectious
Diseases
caused by:
– physical injuries
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Non-infectious
Diseases
caused by:
– stress
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Non-infectious
Diseases
caused by:
– stress
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Non-infectious
Diseases
• Genetics and environment
are also factors
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Immunity
• a function of the lymph
system and protects the
body from infection,
disease and foreign
bodies
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Immunity System
• produces antibodies
– specialized proteins
designed to fight
antigens
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Immunity System
• Antigens
– any foreign substances
that
induce an immune
response.
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Immunity
• can be established
through passive or active
means
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Passive Immunity
• when an animal is given
antibodies that have
already been produced by
another individual
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Passive Immunity
• Antibodies passing from
the mother through the
placenta and in the
colostrum.
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Passive Immunity
• provides only short-term
immunity because the
body breaks down the
antibodies
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Active Immunity
• when an animal produces
antibodies by natural or
artificial means in
response to an antigen
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Active Immunity
• produced naturally when
an animal is exposed to a
disease and builds
antibodies in response
Artificial
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Active Immunity
• produced artificially when
an animal is vaccinated
and builds antibodies in
response to the vaccine
Natural
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Vaccines
• substances that upon
injection into an animal,
stimulate an immune
response
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Vaccines
Two main types:
1) modified-live
2) killed
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Vaccines
Modified-live Vaccines
• altered forms of specific
antigens that are similar enough
to the original disease-causing
agent to cause a strong
immune response without
causing the disease
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Vaccines
Killed Vaccines
• disease-causing agents that
are inactivated by heat,
chemical or mechanical
means
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Vaccines
Killed Vaccines
• Immunity developed with this
vaccine is generally weaker
than a modified-live vaccine.
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Vaccines
Killed Vaccines
• There is also a possibility
that the animal is allergic to
the compound used to
destroy the disease-causing
agent.
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Diseases to Vaccinate For
Dogs
• Bordetella
(Kennel cough)
• Coronavirus
• Distemper
• Infectious hepatitis
•
•
•
•
•
Leptospirosis
Lyme disease
Parainfluenza
Parvovirus
Rabies
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Diseases to Vaccinate For
Cats
• Feline
calicivirus
• Feline infectious
peritonitis
• Feline leukemia
virus
• Feline viral
rhinotracheitits
• Panleukopenia
• Rabies
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Dental Care
• just as important for pets
as it is for humans
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Dental Care
• both cats and dogs are
susceptible to gingivitis and
periodontal disease as well
as other dental problems
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Gingivitis
• an inflammation and
infection of the sensitive
gums surrounding the teeth
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Periodontal Disease
• an advanced stage of
gingivitis where the gingiva
separates from the tooth and
decay of the tooth sets in
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Signs of Poor Oral
Health
• Persistent bad breath
• Difficulty eating
• Loss of appetite
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Signs of Poor Oral
Health
• Inflamed or bleeding gums
• Tartar
• Excessive pawing at the
mouth
• Loose or missing teeth
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Keeping Teeth Clean
• Dentistry is most often
performed by the technician.
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Keeping Teeth Clean
• Dentistry is accomplished like
human dentistry the teeth are:
1. cleaned,
2. polished, and
3. examined for abnormalities
and disease
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Keeping Teeth Clean
• The main difference is that
the patients are anesthetized
for the procedure.
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Keeping Teeth Clean
• The technician is responsible
for educating clients on the
process of brushing their
pet’s teeth.
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Home Dental Care
• Begin by handling your
pet’s mouth.
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Home Dental Care
• Get them to accept a finger
being rubbed along the teeth
and gums.
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Home Dental Care
• Next, use a small toothbrush
or a specially designed finger
brush to scrub your pet’s
teeth.
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Home Dental Care
• Only the outside of the tooth
needs to be brushed.
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Home Dental Care
• There are several types of
flavored pet toothpaste that
your pet will enjoy.
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Home Dental Care
NEVER USE HUMAN TOOTHPASTE!
(It may make your pet sick if swallowed.)
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Home Dental Care
• Brush your pet’s teeth at
least twice a week.
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Home Dental Care
• Develop a routine and make
it fun for your pet.
(They will think they are getting a
treat!)
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Home Dental Care
• Feeding dry food and
rawhide chews will cut down
on the amount of tartar
buildup.
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Anatomy of a Tooth
Crown
Root
Enamel
Dentin
Gingiva
Periodontal
ligament
Pulp canal
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Medication
Routes of
Administration
• Medication is administered in
different ways depending on
the type of medication and
how fast the animal needs to
get it.
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Medication
Routes of
Administration
• Example:
–a pill for preventing heartworm
can be given orally
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Medication
Routes of
Administration
• Example:
–a drug to prevent shock
should be given IV
(intravenously) since it is a life
or death situation.
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Medication
Routes of
Administration
• Common Routes:
–Oral
IM – intramuscular
–Nasal
IP – intraperitoneal
–Subcutaneous
IV –
intravenous
(Sub-Q)
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Routes of Administration
Nasal
Sub-Q
Oral
IP
IM
IV
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Medication
Routes of
Administration
• Most vaccinations are given
SubQ or IM.
• Some are given nasally.
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Needles & Syringes
Come in many shapes and
sizes.
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Needles & Syringes
• Should be familiar with
them so that the
appropriate type and size
are used for every
procedure.
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Needles & Syringes
• Needles come in several
sizes that are referred to
as gauges.
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Needles & Syringes
The smaller the gauge,
the larger the needle.
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Needles & Syringes
• Common Gauges:
16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25,
27
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Needles & Syringes
• Large gauge needles
(16,18,20) are used for
horses, swine and cattle.
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Needles & Syringes
• Small gauge needles
(21,22,23,25,27) are used for
cats, dogs, and exotics.
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Needles & Syringes
• Syringes also come in various
sizes.
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Needles & Syringes
• The most common sizes are:
insulin, 1, 3, 6, 12, 20, 35, and 60
ml
1 ml syringes are called
tuberculin syringes
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Needles & Syringes
• Insulin syringes come with
attached needles and are
measured in increments
called units.
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Needles & Syringes
• Syringes also come with
different styles of tips.
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Needles & Syringes
• Luer-Lok tip
– has a threaded tip to hold
needle securely
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Needles & Syringes
• Slip tip
– this is the standard syringe
tip
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Needles & Syringes
• Eccentric tip
– used to get a straighter
angle
for IV injections
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Needles & Syringes
• Catheter tip
– used to administer oral
medications and liquefied
food
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Needles & Syringes
Filling and Reading a
Syringe
• It is important to know the
proper way to fill and read a
syringe.
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Needles & Syringes
Filling and Reading a
Syringe
• Improper filling and reading
could result in an over or
under dose of medication.
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Needles & Syringes
Filling and Reading a
Syringe
• A properly filled syringe
should have no air bubbles
and should be filled to the
correct amount.
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Needles & Syringes
Filling and Reading a
Syringe
• Air bubbles injected into a
vein could potentially cause
disturbances in blood
circulation and even death.
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Dispensing & Labeling
Medication
• Dispensing medication
requires knowledge of math
and the laws that govern
how a medication is
packaged and labeled.
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Dispensing & Labeling
Medication
• It is critical that medication is
given in the right amount and
that the directions for the
client are clear and correct.
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Dispensing & Labeling
Medication
• Every medication label is
required by law to
include:
1. Name of veterinarian, address,
phone, clinic name
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Dispensing & Labeling
Medication
• Every medication label is
required by law to include:
2. Patient’s name and species
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Dispensing & Labeling
Medication
• Every medication label is
required by law to include:
3. Name of medication,
concentration, and number of
units dispensed
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Dispensing & Labeling
Medication
• Every medication label is
required by law to
include:
4. Directions for use, including
route of administration, and
dosing interval
ex. - 3x/day for 5 days
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Dispensing & Labeling
Medication
• Every medication label is
required by law to include:
5. Date
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Dispensing & Labeling
Medication
• Every medication label is
required by law to include:
6. Warning statement:
For Veterinary Use Only
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Medication Labels
Wild Wood Veterinary Hospital
Melvin Turner, DVM
128 Clearbrook Drive
Colorado Springs, CO 75074
(719) 954-1169
Client/Patient Name:___________________________________________
Beth Lowery – Fido
Species:___________
Canine
Medication:__________________________________________________
Clavamox
Amount:__________________________
25mls
Directions for use:
____________________________________________________________
Give 2 mls twice a day until gone
____________________________________________________________
Date:_______________________
11/28/02
For Veterinary Use Only.
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