Download WHAT IS STRESS

Intro to
Pathology
What comes to mind when
you hear the term HEALTH?
HEALTH
What comes to mind when you
hear the term disease?
DISEASE
Pathology (Key Terms)

Pathology - the study and diagnosis of
disease through the examination of
organs, tissues, bodily fluids and whole
bodies (autopsy).

Disease – any condition that causes
extreme pain, dysfunction, distress,
social problems, and/or death
Causes of Disease

2 broad groups
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(1) Infectious Diseases – can spread
from one person to another and are
caused by microscopic organisms called
pathogens that invade the body. A
microorganism’s disease-producing power
is called its virulence.
» Example: West Nile Virus
Causes of Disease

2 broad groups

(2) Non-infectious diseases – are not
communicated from person to person and
are not known to involve infectious agents.
Some causes include:
» Heredity
» Lifestyle (diet, stress, etc.)
» Example: Diabetes Type II
As You already know
Body’s Reaction to Disease
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When pathogens successfully invade the body, the
immune system immediately begins to destroy them
The spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, lungs,
liver, kidneys and entire lymphatic system gets called
into action
Lymphocytes
– The specialized white blood cells responsible for
combating infectious agents
Do you ever feel like you always
seem to get sick at the worst
times??
Hmm, why do you
think that is the
case?
Stress
STRESS
Did you know….
75% to 90% of all visits to
primary care physicians are
for stress-related complaints
 up to 80% of on-the-job accidents are stress-related
 40% of job turnover is due to stress
 Stress accounts for $26 billion in medical and disability
payments and $95 billion in lost productivity per year
 Over 50% of lost work days are stress related which
keeps about 1 million people per day from attending
work
 75% of employees believe the worker has more on-thejob stress than a generation ago

WHAT IS STRESS?

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Stress is your mind and body’s response
or reaction to a real or imagined threat,
event or change.
The threat, event or change are commonly
called stressors. Stressors can be internal
(thoughts, beliefs, attitudes) or external
(loss, tragedy, change).
Different Types of Stress
Eustress vs. Distress
EUSTRESS
Eustress or positive stress occurs when
your level of stress is high enough to
motivate you to move into action to get
things accomplished.
DISTRESS
Distress or negative stress occurs when
your level of stress is either too high or too
low and your body and/or mind begin to
respond negatively to the stressors.
General Adaptation Syndrome
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***In his work, Selye - 'the father of stress research,'
developed the theory that stress is a major cause of
disease because chronic stress causes long-term
chemical changes.
He observed that the body would respond to any
external biological source of stress with a predictable
biological pattern in an attempt to restore the body’s
internal homeostasis.
This initial hormonal reaction is your fight or flight stress
response - and its purpose is for handling stress very
quickly! The process of the body’s struggle to maintain
balance is what Selye termed, the General Adaptation
Syndrome.
ALARM STAGE

First reaction to stress: recognizes there’s a danger
and prepares to deal with the threat, a.k.a. the fight
or flight response.

During this phase the main stress hormones
cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, is released
to provide instant energy.

If this energy is repeatedly not used by
physical activity, it can become harmful.
FIGHT or FLIGHT Response
Alarm Stage Continued

The excess production of the cortisol hormone can cause
damage to cells and muscle tissues. Stress related disorders
and disease from cortisol include cardiovascular
conditions, stroke, gastric ulcers, and high blood sugar
levels.

At this stage everything is working as it should – you have
a stressful event, your body alarms you with a sudden jolt
of hormonal changes, and you are now immediately
equipped with enough energy to handle it.
Stress Hormones
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Cortisol stimulates the release of
glucose, fats and amino acids into the
bloodstream
Cortisol levels lowest at night, highest
when you wake up.
Under ideal conditions, your cortisol
levels should be neither consistently
high nor low, but fluctuate in a fairly
rhythmic pattern.
RESISTANCE STAGE
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The body shifts into this second phase with
the source of stress being possibly resolved.
Homeostasis begins restoring balance and a
period of recovery for repair and renewal
takes place.
Stress hormone levels may return to normal
but you may have reduced defenses and
adaptive energy left.
Resistance Stage Con’t…

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If a stressful condition persists, your
body adapts by a continued effort in
resistance and remains in a state of
arousal.
Problems begin to manifest when you
find yourself repeating this process too
often with little or no recovery.
Ultimately this moves you into the final
stage.
Changes to observe in
Resistance stage

Behavior indicators include: lack of
enthusiasm for family, school, work or life
in general, withdrawal, change in eating
habits, insomnia, hypersomnia, anger,
fatigue.

Cognitive Indicators include: poor problem
solving, confusion, nightmares, hypervigilance.
Changes to observe in
Resistance Stage
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Emotional indicators include:
tearfulness
fear
anxiety
panic
guilt
agitation
depression
overwhelmed.
EXHAUSTION STAGE

Your body’s ability to resist is lost because its
adaptation energy supply is gone. Often
referred to as overload, burnout, adrenal
fatigue, maladaptation or dysfunction
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This stage of the general adaptation
syndrome is the most hazardous to your
health. Chronic stress can damage nerve
cells in tissues and organs.
Elevated levels of stress
hormones:
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Obesity
Heart disease
Depression/anxiety
Alzheimer’s disease
Diabetes
Osteoporosis
Fibromyalgia
Chronic fatigue syndrome
STUDENT STRESS RATING SCALE
The following are events that occur in the life of a student. Place a check in the left-hand column for
each of those events that has happened to you during the last 12 months.
___ Death of a close family member - 100 points
____ Jail term - 80 points
____ Final year in high school or first year in college - 63 points
____ Pregnancy - 60 points
____ Severe personal illness or injury - 53 points
____ Marriage - 50 points
____ Any interpersonal problems - 45 points
____ Financial difficulties - 40 points
____ Death of a close friend - 40 points
____ Arguments with your roommate (more than every other day) - 40 points
____ Major disagreements with your family - 40 points’
____ Major change in personal habits - 30 points
____ Change in living environment - 30 points
____ Beginning or ending a job - 30 points
____Problems with your boss or professor - 25 points
____ Outstanding personal achievement - 25 points
____ Failure in some course - 25 points
____ Final exams - 20 points
____ Increased or decreased dating - 20 points
____ Changes in working conditions - 20 points
____ Change in your sleeping habits - 18 points
____ Several-day vacation - 15 points
____ Change in eating habits - 15 points
____ Family reunion - 15 points
____ Change in recreational activities - 15 points
____ Minor illness or injury - 15 points
____ Minor violations of the law - 11 points
Score: _________________
INTERPRETING YOUR SCORE
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Less than 150 points
: relatively low stress level in
relation to life events
150 - 300 points
: borderline range
Greater than 300 points : high stress in relation to life
events
Note: From Girdano, D.A., Everly, G. S., Jr., & Dusek, D. E.
(1990). Controlling stress and tension (3rd edition),
ENnglewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
I’M IN CONTROL - DISTRESS RELIEF STRATEGIES
Feeling good about yourselves can be an effective buffer against stress. Eliminate unnecessary worries.
Most worries are either passed on to us by another or conjured up in our imagination.
GET PHYSICAL
1. Relax neck and shoulders
2. Take a stretch
3. Get a massage
4. Exercise
GET MENTAL
5. Count to 10
6. Control your thoughts
7. Fantasize
8. Congratulate yourself
9. Ignore the problem if appropriate, after evaluation
10. Perform self maintenance
11. Talk to a counselor
GET SPIRITUAL
12. Meditate
13. Pray
14. Remember your purpose
USE YOUR BODY AND MIND TOGETHER
15. Take a break
16. Get hug therapy
17. Try progressive relaxation
18. Try yoga
19. Try aroma therapy
20. Laugh
DEVELOP NEW SKILLS
21. Prioritize daily tasks
22. Learn something
23. Practice a hobby
MORE STRATEGIES
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“What is Stress” Web Site. http//www.teachhealth.com
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How to reduce and relieve stress “Web Site. http//www.family.com
“Stress Relievers” Web Site. http//www.residentassistant.com
“Massage” Downing, G. (1972). Massage Book. New York: Random
House.
“Aromatherapy” Web Site.
http//www/aromaweb.com/articles/wharoma.as
“Yoga” Web Site. http//www.kevala.co.uk/yoga/overview.htr
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Group work time!
Work in groups of 4 and answer the
following questions on chart paper
Be prepared to share your answers with
the class
1.
List the top 10 causes of teen stress
2.
Define what nutrition means to you
3.
Define what exercise means to you
4.
How can proper nutrition and exercise help manage stress?
5.
Why is it important to consider proper nutrition and exercise when
studying pathology?
6.
Consider what you know about Canadian's health care system, do you
think we are headed towards a healthy future? What changes would
you like to see, if any, within our health care system here in Ontario?

Steps in Diagnosing an Infection
Steps in Diagnosing an Infection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Examine the Patient
Obtain One or More Specimens
Examine the Specimen Directly
Culture the Specimen
Determine the Culture’s Antibiotic
Sensitivity
Treat the Patient as Ordered by the
Physcician
STEP 1: EXAMINE THE PATIENT
Interviewing a Patient, Taking a History
& Documentation
Interviewing Skills

Effective listening

Being aware of
nonverbal clues and
body language
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Using a broad
knowledge base
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Summarizing to form a
general picture
Interviewing Successfully
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1) Do your research
before the patient
interview
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2) Plan the interview
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3) Approach the
patient and request the
interview
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4) Make the patient
feel at ease
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5) Deal with sensitive
topics with respect
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6) Do not diagnose or
give a diagnostic
opinion
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7) Formulate the
general picture
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8) Conduct the
interview in private
without interruptions
Methods of Collecting Patient Data
Effective
 Open-ended questions
 Hypothetical questions
 Mirroring & Verbalizing
 Focusing on patient
 Encouraging patient to take
the lead
 Encouraging patient to
provide additional
information
 Encouraging patient to
evaluate his situation
Ineffective
 Closed-ended questions
 Asking leading questions
 Challenging patient
 Probing
 Agreeing or disagreeing
with patient
6 Cs of Charting
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Client’s words
Clarity
Completeness
Conciseness
Chronological order
Confidentiality
Methods of Charting
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Most charting methods
are based on a series of
steps to document
information
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2) Objective data:
apparent and
measurable. Vital signs
and test results
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SOAP Method
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1) Subjective data:
obtained through
conversation with
patient. Thoughts,
feelings, and perceptions
3) Assessment: the
physicians diagnosis or
impression of the
patient’s problem
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4) Plan of action:
Options for treatment
Good Interview Technique
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Start with INTRODUCTION
(age, previous illnesses, surgical history,
allergies, medication history and family
medical history
PQRST Technique
P = Provoke or Palliative
Q = Quality or Quantity
R = Region or Radiation
S = Severity Scale
T = Timing
Health History Form
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(1) Personal Data – Name
and D.O.B.
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(5) Family History – can help
lead practitioner to a
diagnosis
(2) Chief Complaint – Main
reason patient came to office
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(3) History of present Illness
– medications taken, pain
scale
(6) Social and occupational
history – marital status,
occupations
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(7) Review of symptoms
(4) Past medical History –
any and all past and present
illnesses and surgeries
CASE STUDIES
S.O.A.P Method of Documentation