Download First Degree Burns

Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR)/First Aid
Providing First Aid
 Immediate care given to the victim of an
accident or illness to minimize the effect of
injury or illness until experts can take over
 Reasons for providing correct first aid
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2
Basic Principles of
Providing First Aid
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Remain calm and avoid panic
Evaluate situation thoroughly
Have a reason for anything you do
Treatment you provide will vary depending
on type of injury or illness, environment,
others present, equipment or supplies on
hand, and availability of medical help
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
3
First Steps
 Recognize that an emergency exists
 Use all senses to detect problems
 Sometimes signs of emergency are
obvious and at other times they are
less obvious
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
4
Next Steps
 Check the scene and make sure it is safe
to approach
 What to observe
 If not safe, call for medical help
 If safe, approach the victim
 Call emergency medical services (EMS)
as soon as possible
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
5
Next Steps
(continued)
 If possible, obtain the victim’s permission
before providing any care
 Triage if necessary
 Check for other injuries
 Obtain as much information as possible
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
6
General Principles
 Obtain qualified help as soon as possible
 Avoid any unnecessary movement of
the victim
 Reassure the victim
 Use a confident, calm attitude to help
relieve victim’s anxiety
 Avoid giving the victim anything to eat
or drink
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
7
General Principles
(continued)
 Protect the victim from cold or chilling,
but avoid overheating
 Work quickly in an organized and
efficient manner
 Do not make a diagnosis or discuss
condition with observers at scene
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
8
General Principles
(continued)
 Maintain confidentiality and protect
the victim’s right to privacy while
providing treatment
 Make every attempt to avoid further injury
 Provide only the treatment you are
qualified to provide
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
9
Performing Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR)
 Cardio: the heart
 Pulmonary: the lungs
 Resuscitation: to remove from apparent
death or unconsciousness
 Breathe for the patient and circulate blood
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10
Performing Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) (continued)
 Purpose: keep oxygenated blood flowing
to the brain and other vital body organs
 Performed until the heart and lungs
start working again or until medical help
is available
 Clinical versus biological death
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
11
Performing Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) (continued)
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“CABD’s” of CPR (per 2010 guidelines)
C stands for circulation
A stands for airway
B stands for breathing
D stands for defibrillation
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
12
Performing Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) (continued)
 Evaluate victim’s condition before
starting CPR
 Correct hand placement is essential
before compressions are performed
 Compression rate of at least 100 per
minute
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
13
Performing Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) (continued)
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One-person rescue for adult victim
Two-person rescue for adult victim
CPR for infants
CPR for children
CPR for victims with FBAO
– (Foreign Body Airway Obstruction)
 Reasons for stopping CPR
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
14
Performing Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) (continued)
 Reasons for stopping CPR
– The scene becomes unsafe and you have to
evacuate yourself and your victim
– Physically unable to continue
– Persons with more training than yourself
accept responsibility for victim and take over
their care
– The victim shows signs of life
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
15
Providing First Aid for Bleeding
and Wounds
 Wounds involve injuries to the soft tissues
 General classifications of wounds
– Open: break in skin or mucous membranes
– Closed: no break in skin or mucous
membranes, but injury occurs to underlying
tissues
• Wounds can result in bleeding, infection, and/or
tetanus
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16
Classifications of Open Wounds
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Abrasion
Incision
Laceration
Puncture
Avulsion
Amputation
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
17
Classifications of Open Wounds
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Abrasion
Incision
Laceration
Puncture
Avulsion
Amputation
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
18
Classifications of Open Wounds
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Abrasion
Incision
Laceration
Puncture
Avulsion
Amputation
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
19
Classifications of Open Wounds
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Abrasion
Incision
Laceration
Puncture
Avulsion
Amputation
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
20
Classifications of Open Wounds
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Abrasion
Incision
Laceration
Puncture
Avulsion
Amputation
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
21
Classifications of Open Wounds
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Abrasion
Incision
Laceration
Puncture
Avulsion
Amputation
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
22
Classifications of Open Wounds
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Abrasion
Incision
Laceration
Puncture
Avulsion
Amputation
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
23
Controlling Bleeding
 First priority because victim can bleed to
death quickly
 Bleeding can come from arteries, veins,
or capillaries
 Observe standard precautions
– Handwashing before/after care
– Gloves
– Goggles
– Mask
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
24
Controlling Bleeding
(continued)
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Direct pressure
Elevation
Pressure bandages
Pressure on pressure points
Do not disturb clots
Do not remove dressings
Do not clean wound
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
25
Minor Wounds
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First priority – prevention of infection
Wash your hands before caring for wound
Put on gloves
Wash the wound with soap and water
Rinse the wound thoroughly
Use sterile supplies
Tell the victim to get follow up medical
help - ALWAYS
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
26
Signs of Infection
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Swelling
Heat
Redness
Pain
Fever
Pus
Red streaks
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
27
Signs of Infection
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Swelling
Heat
Redness
Pain
Fever
Pus
Red streaks
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
28
Tetanus
 Tetanus bacteria can enter an
open wound
 Serious illness
 Get tetanus shot or booster as needed
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29
Objects Embedded in Wound
 If superficial, gently remove
 Objects embedded in tissues should be
left and removed by physician
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30
Closed Wounds
 Can occur anywhere on body
 If bruise, apply cold application to
reduce swelling
 Observe for signs of internal bleeding
 Get medical help as quickly as possible
 Check breathing and treat for shock
 Avoid unnecessary movement of victim
 No food or fluids
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
31
Providing First Aid
for Shock
 Also called hypoperfusion
 Shock: clinical set of signs and symptoms
that are associated with an inadequate
supply of blood to body organs, especially
brain and heart
 Causes of shock
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
32
Providing First Aid
for Shock (continued)
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Goals of treatment
Positioning of victim
Maintain body temperature
Avoid food or drink
Other principles of care
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
33
Types of Shock
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Anaphylactic
Cardiogenic
Hemorrhagic
Metabolic
Neurogenic
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34
Types of Shock
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Anaphylactic
Cardiogenic
Hemorrhagic
Metabolic
Neurogenic
Hypersensitive or allergic
reaction to a substance
such as food, medications,
insect stings or bites, or
snake bites
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
35
Types of Shock
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Anaphylactic
Cardiogenic
Hemorrhagic
Metabolic
Neurogenic
Damage to heart muscle
from heart attack or cardiac
arrest
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
36
Types of Shock
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Anaphylactic
Cardiogenic
Hemorrhagic
Metabolic
Neurogenic
Severe uncontrolled
bleeding leading to lifethreatening condition
(Hypovolemic Shock)
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
37
Types of Shock
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Anaphylactic
Cardiogenic
Hemorrhagic
Metabolic
Neurogenic
Loss of body fluid from
severe vomiting, diarrhea, or
a heat illness, disruption in
acid-base balance, as
occurs in diabetes
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
38
Types of Shock
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Anaphylactic
Cardiogenic
Hemorrhagic
Metabolic
Neurogenic
Injury and trauma to brain
and/or spinal cord
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
39
Types of Shock
(continued)
 Psychogenic
 Respiratory
 Septic
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40
Types of Shock
(continued)
 Psychogenic
 Respiratory
 Septic
Emotional distress, such as
anger, fear or grief
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41
Types of Shock
(continued)
 Psychogenic
 Respiratory
 Septic
Trauma to respiratory tract;
respiratory distress, or
arrest (chronic disease,
choking)
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
42
Types of Shock
(continued)
 Psychogenic
 Respiratory
 Septic
Acute infection that infects
the entire body by entering
the bloodstream
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43
Signs and Symptoms
of Shock
 Skin is pale or bluish-gray and cool or cold
to the touch
 Diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
 Rapid and weak pulse
 Respirations rapid, shallow, and
may be irregular
 Blood pressure very low or unobtainable
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
44
Signs and Symptoms
of Shock (continued)
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General weakness
Anxiety and extreme restlessness
Excessive thirst
Nausea and/or vomiting
Blurred vision or changes in appearance
of eyes
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
45
Providing First Aid
for Poisoning
 Can happen to anyone regardless of age
 Poison: any substance that causes a
harmful reaction when applied or ingested
 Immediate action is needed
 First aid varies depending on
type of poison, injury involved, and
the method of contact
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
46
Ways Poisoning Occurs
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Swallowing various substances
Inhaling poisonous gases
Injecting substances
Contacting the skin with poison
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47
First Aid for Poisoning
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If poison has been swallowed
Methods to induce vomiting
If poisoned by inhalation of gases
If poisoned by contact with skin
Contact with poisonous plants
If poisoned by injection
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
48
First Aid for Poisoning
 If poison has been swallowed
– Call Poison Control Center 1-800-222-1222
– Call EMS: If warranted or delayed response
from Poison Control Center
– Save container (label) for EMS
– Estimate amount of ingestion if possible
– Save emesis (if any) for testing
– Induce vomiting ONLY if told to do so by EMS
or Poison Control Center
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
49
First Aid for Poisoning
 Methods to induce vomiting
– Syrup of Ipecac (follow dosing instructions)
followed by 1-2 glasses of water
– Warm salt water
– Stimulate gag reflex
– NOTE: Vomiting removes about one half of
the ingested poison
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
50
First Aid for Poisoning
 If poison has been swallowed
– Do NOT induce vomiting if victim:
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Is unconscious
Swallowed acid or alkali
Swallowed petroleum products
Is convulsing (seizure)
Has burns on lips or in mouth
– Activated Charcoal may be recommended to
neutralize poison
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51
First Aid for Poisoning
 If poisoned by inhalation of gases
– Remove victim from area immediately
– Carbon monoxide
 If poisoned by contact with poison
– Use large amounts of water to wash the skin
for at least 15-20 minutes
– Remove clothing, jewelry that may have come
in contact with poison
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
52
First Aid for Poisoning
 If poisoned by injection (insect/snake)
– If extremity is affected LOWER the extremity
BELOW the level of the heart
– Insect bite: Remove stinger by scraping the
stinger with edge of credit card or similar
device
– Insect bite: DO NOT ATTEMPT TO
REMOVE STINGER WITH FINGERS OR
TWEEZERS – you will likely inject more
poison by squeezing stinger
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
53
First Aid for Poisoning
 If poisoned by injection (insect/snake)
– Insect bite: Wash area with soap and water
– Ticks: Use tweezers and slowly pull tick away
from skin
– Snakebite: Wash wound with soap and water
and immobilize the area
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54
First Aid for Poisoning
 If poisoned by injection (insect/snake)
– Snakebite: Wash wound with soap and water
and immobilize the area
– Snakebite: Do NOT cut the skin (and suck
out the poison)
– Snakebite: Do NOT apply tourniquet
– Snakebite: Monitor respirations closely and
provide artificial ventilations if needed
– Snakebite: Get medical help quickly
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
55
Providing First Aid
for Burns
 Injury caused by fire, heat, chemical
agents, radiation, and/or electricity
 Classifications of burns
– First-degree or superficial (redness)
– Second-degree or partial-thickness (blister)
– Third-degree or full-thickness (burned tissue)
(Some burn scales include a 4th degree, which
is a more specific “3rd” degree.)
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
56
Treatment Objectives
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Remove source of heat
Cool the skin
Cover the burn
Relieve pain
Observe for and treat shock
Prevent infections – cover with cleanest
cloth and soak with cool/cold water (seek
medical attention)
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
57
Treatment
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First Degree Burns
Usually not required for first-degree burns
Removing source of heat
Cool area down (water)
Light coat of antibiotic ointment
Cover is needed (shade)
Assess and treat for signs of shock (Pain)
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
58
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
59
Treatment
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Second Degree Burns
Second degree burns will blister
DO NOT rupture blister!
Remove source of heat
Cool area with cool water
Cover (dressing)
Assess and treat for shock (Very painful!)
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60
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61
Treatment
 Third Degree Burns
 Third degree burns involve extensive
tissue, muscle and possibly bone damage.
 Remove source of heat
 Cover (dressing)
 Assess and treat for shock
 Pain may be less (damaged nerves)
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
62
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63
Treatment
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64
Chemical Burns
 Chemicals splashed on skin or eyes
– Flush affected area with large amounts of
water for 15-30 minutes or until medical help
arrives
– For eyes: turn victim toward
affected eye to prevent
chemical from going into
unaffected eye.
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
65
Providing First Aid
for Heat Exposure
 Overexposure to heat may cause a
chemical imbalance in the body
 Water & salt are lost through perspiration
 Also occurs when body cannot eliminate
excess heat
 Life-threatening
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66
Heat Cramps
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Muscle pains and spasms
Caused by exposure to heat
Loss of water and salt from perspiration
Apply firm pressure on cramped muscle to
provide relief
 Encourage rest and move to cooler area
 Small sips of water or electrolyte solution
(e.g., sports drink)
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
67
Heat Exhaustion
 Occurs when exposed to heat and there is
loss of fluids through sweating
 Signs and symptoms
– Pale, clammy skin
– Diaphoresis
– Fatigue
– Headache
– Muscle cramps
– Nausea/Vomiting
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
68
Heat Exhaustion
 First aid care
– Move victim (if safe to do so) to cooler area
– Lay victim down, raise feet
– Remove excess clothing
– Apply cool, wet clothes
– Small sips of water
– Do not dry sweat from victim’s body
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
69
Heat Stroke
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Prolonged exposure to high temperatures
Medical emergency
Needs immediate care!
Body unable to eliminate excess heat
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70
Heat Stroke
 Signs and symptoms
– Red, hot DRY skin
– Rapid, but strong pulse
– Victim may lose consciousness
– Seizures
 First aid care
– Cool body quickly
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71
Heat Stroke
 First aid care
– Cool body quickly
– Tub of cool water
– Ice or cold packs to wrists, ankles, axillary
areas and groin
– Assess and treat for shock
– Seek medical help immediately
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
72
Providing First Aid
for Cold Exposure
 Exposure to cold external temperatures
can cause body tissues to freeze and body
processes to slow down
 Needs immediate attention
 Degree of injury affected by wind velocity,
amount of humidity, and length of
exposure to cold
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73
Hypothermia
 When body temperature is less than 95
degrees Fahrenheit or 35 degrees Celsius
 Caused by prolonged exposure to cold
 Elderly more prone to hypothermia than
younger persons
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74
Hypothermia
 Signs and symptoms
– Shivering
– Numbness
– Drowsiness
– Poor coordination
– Confusion
– Loss of consciousness
 Death can occur if body processes
become too slowed down
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75
Frostbite
 Actual freezing of tissue fluids with
damage to the skin and underlying tissues
 Caused by exposure to freezing or belowfreezing temperatures
 Early signs and symptoms
– Redness and tingling of affected areas
– Pain to affected areas
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76
Frostbite
 Other signs and symptoms as progresses
– Pale, glossy skin
– White or grayish colored skin
– Blisters
– Loss of all sensation
– Confusion
– Lethargy
– Unconsciousness
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77
Frostbite
(continued)
 Objectives of first aid
– Gradual warming of tissues
– Do not rub or massage affected areas
– Assess and treat for shock
 Common sites: fingers, toes, ears,
nose, cheeks
Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
78
Providing First Aid
for Bone and Joint Injuries
 Variety of injuries can occur
 Frequently occur during accidents, falls,
and among athletes
 Examples: fractures, dislocations, sprains,
and strains
 May have more than one type of injury to
bones and joints at the same time
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79
Fracture
 Break in the bone
 Closed or simple fracture
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80
Fracture
 Break in the bone
 Compound or open fracture
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Fracture
 Break in the bone
 Signs and symptoms
– Not always obvious
– Pain
– Deformity
– Swelling
– Tenderness
– Discoloration
– Protrusion of bone through skin
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82
Dislocation
 When the end of the bone is displaced
from a joint or moved out of its normal
position within a joint
 Tearing or stretching of ligaments,
muscles, and other soft tissues also
frequently occurs
 Signs and symptoms
 First aid care
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83
Dislocation
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84
Sprain
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Injury to the tissues surrounding a joint
Common sites: ankles and wrists
Signs and symptoms
Frequently resemble fractures or
dislocations – treat as fracture if in doubt
 First aid care
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85
Sprain
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86
Strain
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Overstretching of a muscle
Caused by overexertion or by lifting
Frequent site: back
Signs and symptoms
First aid treatment
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87
Splints
 Devices used to immobilize injured part
 Types of splints
– Pneumatic or air splints
– Padded boards
– Traction splints
 Splints can also be made from cardboard,
newspapers, pillows, boards, etc.
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88
Splints
Pneumatic - Vacuum
Traction
Pneumatic - Air
Padded
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89
Splints
(continued)
 Need to be long enough to immobilize the
joint above and below the injured area
 Should be padded
 Tied in place
 Apply as not to create pressure on area
 If open wound, control bleeding before
applying splint
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90
Splints
(continued)
 Never attempt to reposition bone
 Splint before moving victim
 Observe precautions when using
pneumatic splints (overinflating)
 Traction splints – Only trained personnel
are to apply traction splints
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91
Circulation Check After Splint
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Verify that the splints are not too tight
Check skin temperature
Check color
Note swelling or edema
Numbness or tingling
Check pulse
If circulation impaired, immediately loosen
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92
Slings
 Commercial slings
 Triangular bandages
 Use: support arm, hand, forearm,
and shoulder
 Positioning of sling
 Check circulation
 Limit movement of limb
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Slings
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Slings
(continued)
 If use knots
– Placement – “short end” of triangular bandage
should extend back and under the elbow of
the injured arm
– Padding
 Special considerations for shoulder injury
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Checkpoints for Circulation
 Check circulation after bandage applied
 Signs of poor or impaired circulation
– Swelling or edema
– Pale or cyanotic color
– Coldness to touch
– Numbness or tingling
– Poor or slow capillary refill
 Loosen bandage immediately if warranted
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Neck or Spine Injury
 Most dangerous types of injuries involving
bones and joints
 Movement can result in permanent injury
resulting in paralysis
 Avoid any movement of victim if at
all possible
 Wait for backboard and adequate help to
arrive for transfer
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Eye Injuries
 Always involves danger of vision loss
 Usually best to avoid giving
major treatment
 Obtain help of a specialist
 Foreign objects in the eye
 Blows to the eye
 Penetrating injuries that cut eye tissue
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Ear Injuries
 Can result in rupture or perforation
of eardrum
 Torn or detached tissue
 Ruptured or perforated eardrum
 Clear fluid or blood-tinged fluid draining
from ear
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100
Nose Injuries
 Nosebleeds are usually more frightening
than serious
 Nosebleeds also called epistaxis
 Causes of nosebleeds
 First aid care
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Abdominal Injuries
 Can cause damage to internal organs and
bleeding in major blood vessels
 Intestines and other abdominal organs
may protrude from open wound
 Medical emergency
 Bleeding, shock, and damage to organs
can be fatal
 Signs and symptoms
 First aid care
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102
Seizures
 Strong involuntary contraction of muscles
 Electrical storm of the brain – uncontrolled
nerve impulses
 Causes – tumor, trauma, febrile, genetic
medical condition (epilepsy)
 Progression of a convulsion (aura)
 First aid care is directed at preventing
self-injury
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Seizures




Time seizure
Clear area
Do not place anything in mouth
Place victim on side protect airway
(prevent aspiration)
 Loss of bowel/bladder control
 Reassure victim once seizure ceases
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Diabetes Mellitus
 Metabolic disorder caused by lack of or
insufficient production of insulin
 Diabetic coma (sustained hyperglycemia,
low insulin production)
 Insulin shock (high level of insulin, low
sugar)
 Differentiate between diabetic coma and
insulin shock
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Summary
 Proper first aid can save a life
 Provide only care you are qualified
to provide
 Always reassure victim and avoid
unnecessary stress and movement
 Obtain medical help as quickly as possible
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Thank goodness
we are DONE!!!!!
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