Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
+ Intro to Pharmacology + Major Areas of Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics- study of drug on tissues Pharmacokinetics- study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion Pharmacotherapeutics- of disease Pharmacy- medication study of drugs in treatment science of preparing and dispensing Posology- study of amount of drug required to produce therapeutic effect Toxicology- tissues study of harmful effects on living + Drug Information + definitions general definition- any substance that can cause a change in function when administered pharmacological definition- any medication that is used in treating a disease or disorder + Effects of Drugs Therapeutic effect- intended effects Side effects- not necessarily harmful Adverse effect- more info later Toxic effect- drug poisoning, can be very harmful (even life threatening), drug must be stopped, may require supportive treatment or anitdote + Drug Concepts Site of action- where drug action takes place Mechanism of action- how the drug works Lower receptor sites Agonists and antagonists- chemicals that enhance of interfere with drug action Dose- amount given to produce specific effect (individually determined) Response- effect of drug on site of action Proportional to amt given; ceiling effect- maximum response attained; effects above ceiling effect- toxic effects (overdose) + Drug Safety FDA- (Food and Drug Administration)governing body over medications Prior to approval, each drug must fulfill two requirements: Efficacy- proof of effectiveness Safety-animal testing and controlled human testing One of the first tests performed is the LD50 (lethal dose) LD50 is the dose that will kill 50% of animals tested Results used to predict safety of the drug + Drug Safety, cont. Adverse Effects- can be harmful, may cause organs to shut down or fail Most adverse effects are dose dependent: the higher the dose the greater the chance of having adverse effects. Certain tissues are affected more than others Liver, kidneys, brain, cardiovascular system Drugs can cause: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea May cause birth defects Promote cancerous tumors: carcinogens Some are not dependent on dosage + Drug Safety, cont. Adverse effects, cont. Changes in drug metabolism can lead to unusual responses IdiosyncrasyDrug allergyAntigen-antibody reaction Causes release of histamine Rashes --bronchoconstriction Hives --edema Itching --dyspnea Hypotension Nasal secretion and congestion Anaphylaxis: potentially fatal + Drug Nomenclature Drugs will have at least three names: Chemical Name: usually the long complicated chemical name Generic Name: usually contraction of chemical name Trade Name: also known as brand name Given by manufacturer Can have as many brand names as there are manufacturers producing it. + Drug Nomenclature, cont. Drugs divided into Prescription (legal document, contains instructions for pharmacist to dispense med) Require written or phone order Who can write a prescription? Physician, veterinarian, dentist, etc… In some cases: physcians assistant, nurse practitioner, opticians Nonprescription Over the counter (OTC) Can be purchased anywhere Still carry certain risks + Drug References United States Pharmacopoeia/National Formulary (USP/NF) Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) Most widely used by physcians, pharmacists, and nurses Drugs Facts and Comparisons Official drug list recognized by U.S. govt. Revised every 5 years Updated monthly United States Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information (USP DI) Updated yearly How old is medicine? 4,000 BC 1800s 1796 1987 1928 History of Medicine Materia Medica- 77 B.C. Pharmaceutical- of or about drugs, also a drug product Antitoxin- 1890 Hormone- 1943 Human Genome- 1988 The Health world Today In the 1900s, the average American lived only into their early fifties. By 2000, that rose to 77 years and as of 2007, it was 77.9 years. Think about why has happened. Do you think those results were similar throughout the world? Eye Partner time! Medicine Today A major factor in the increased health and life expectancy seen in this century was the dramatic growth in pharmaceutical medicine. Several things spurred this growth in pharmaceuticals, but the one of the major factors was World War II. It stimulated the U.S. Pharmaceutical industry to dramatically boost its capacity and production. Regulation Boom of pharmaceuticals led to regulations Patenting laws became a way to protect your discovery FDA Pharmacy Today Pharmacist- Account for more than half of the distribution of Rx drugs in the US. Prescription (Rx) drugs – one that has been ordered or “prescribed” by a physician or other licensed prescriber to treat a patient Pharmacist- A trusted profession Group- Think back to when you were sick. What did you do? Did you go to the pharmacy? Why or why not? What is your perception of a pharmacist? Pharmacy Settings The area of greatest employment The second area of greatest employment A fast growing area, most people do it over the internet Residence facilities, like assisted living or group homes Done at the patients dwelling Care that is controlled by an insurer Community Pharmacies Mail order Home Care Hospitals Long term care Managed Care Economic Trends Between 1970 and 2000, total health care costs in the US increased by over 1,500 percent to $1.353 trillion dollars. That number continues to increase with an increase of over $2.726 trillion today! Movement to try to reduce healthcare HMOs “formularies”- generics “therapeutic substitution” Computers in Pharmacy Electronic Medical Records VS Electronic Health Records