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CHAPTER 1
History and Trends of Health Care
OBJECTIVES
•Differentiate between early beliefs about the cause of disease and treatment
and current beliefs about disease and treatment
•Identify at least 10 major events in the history of health care
•Name at least six historical individuals and explain how each one has helped
to improve health care today
•Create a timeline showing what you believe are the 20 most important
discoveries in health care and explain why you believe they are important
•Identify at least five current trends or changes in health care
•Define, pronounce, and spell all key terms
CHAPTER 1:1
History of Health Care
ANCIENT TIMES
•Believed illness and disease was caused by evil spirits
•Tribal witch doctors treated ill with ceremonies to drive out evil spirits
•Herbs/plants used as medicines in ancient times are still used today
(morphine-opium, digitalis-heart)
•Religion played an important role in health care
•Average life span: 20 years
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
3000BC – 300BC
•Earliest people to maintain accurate
health records
•Physicians were priests
•Many people could not read;
knowledge was limited to an educated
few
•Used “bloodletting” and leeches to
open clogged channels in body
•Used magic and medicinal plants to
treat disease
•Average life span: 20-30 years
ANCIENT CHINESE
1700BC – 220AD
•Strong belief in need to cure the
spirit and nourish entire body
•Carefully monitored the pulse
•Recorded a pharmacopoeia of
medications based mainly on herbs
•Used acupuncture and moxibustion
•Began search for medical reasons
for illness
•Average life span: 20-30 years
ANCIENT GREEKS
1200BC – 200BC
•Began modern medical science
•Believed illness is result of natural causes
•Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment still used
•Stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent disease
•Alcmaeon: identified brain as site of senses
•Aristotle: dissected animals, founder of comparative anatomy
•Average life span: 25-35 years
•Hippocrates: called “Father of Medicine”
•
Developed organized method to observe the human body
•
Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases
•
Created high standard of ethics, Oath of Hippocrates
ANCIENT GREEKS
1200BC – 200BC
ANCIENT ROMANS
753BC – 410AD
•First to organize medical care
•Hospitals developed
•Began public health and sanitation
systems
•Diet, exercise, and medications used
to treat disease
•Claudius Galen: physician, body
regulated by humors, imbalance
results in illness, determined function
of muscles, kidney, bladder
•Average life span: 25-35 years
THE DARK & MIDDLE AGES
Dark Ages
400-800AD
•Emphasis on saving soul-study of
medicine prohibited
•Prayer and divine intervention to
treat illness and disease
•Medications mainly herbal mixes
•Monks/priests provided care
•Average life span: 20-30 years
Middle Ages
800-1400AD
•Renewed interest in medical practice
of Greeks/Romans
•Pandemic killed 75% of pop
•Major illnesses: smallpox, plague,
malaria, diptheria, tuberculosis
•Arabs required physician licenses
•Average life span: 20-35 years
THE DARK & MIDDLE AGES
THE RENAISSANCE
1350 - 1650AD
•Allowed human dissection
•Doctors could view organs/systems
•Artists drew body accurately
•Development of printing press;
publication of medical books
•Servetus: described circulatory and
digestive systems
•Bacon: chemical remedies for
disease and optics/refraction
•Life span increased to 30-40 yrs
16TH, 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES
1 6 th & 1 7 th C e n t u r i e s
•Ambroise Pare: Father of Modern
Surgery
•Gabriel Fallopius
•William Harvey
•Anton van Leeuwenhoek
•Apothecaries started
•First successful blood transfusion
•Scientific societies started
•Life span 35-45 yrs
1 8 th C e n t u r y
•Gabriel Fahrenheit
•Joseph Priestley
•John Hunter
•Benjamin Franklin
•Dr. Jessee Bennet
•James Lind
•Edward Jenner
•Life span 40-50 yrs
16TH, 17TH & 18TH CENTURIES
19TH CENTURY
•Industrial Revolution: Major progress in medical science occurred because of
the development of machines and ready access to books
•Laennec developed the stethoscope
•Formal training for nurses began
•Infection control was associated with microorganisms
•Women became active participants in medical care
•Treatment for disease specific to cause, vaccines and medicines developed
•Average life span: 40-65 years
*See Table 1-5
19TH CENTURY
20TH CENTURY
•Most rapid growth in health care during this time
•Francis Crick/James Watson described DNA
•Health care plans started
•First open-heart surgery in 1950s, first heart transplants
•Computer technology leads to most rapid advances in medicine
•Average life span: 60-80 years
*See table 1-6
20TH CENTURY
21ST CENTURY
•Human Genome Project
•Bioterrorism
•Viruses
•Organizations monitor health
throughout world (WHO)
•Health care is global concern
*See table 1-7
CHAPTER 1:2
Trends in Health Care
COST CONTAINMENT
•Definition: trying to control the rising cost of health care and achieving the
maximum benefit for every dollar spent
Reasons for high health care costs:
•Technological advances
•Aging population
•Health-related lawsuits
Methods of cost containment:
•Diagnostic related groups
•Combination of services
•Outpatient services
•Mass or bulk purchasing
•Early intervention and preventative services
•Energy conservation
HOME HEALTH CARE
•Rapidly growing field
•Form of cost containment
•All forms of care: nursing,
physical/occupational therapy,
respiratory therapy, social services,
nutritional and food services.
GERIATRIC CARE
•Rapid growth in the future
•Life spans 80 years or more
•“Baby Boom” generation
OBRA:
•Requires states to establish training
and competency evaluation programs
TELEMEDICINE
•Involves the use of video, audio, and computer systems to provide medical
and/or health care services
•EKG transmission
•Robotic surgery
•Machines can test blood sugar levels, oxygen levels, blood pressure
TELEMEDICINE
WELLNESS
•State of being in optimum health
with a balanced relationship between
physical, mental, and social health
•Physical
•Emotional
•Social
•Mental/Intellectual
•Spiritual
Holistic Health Care
COMPLIMENTARY & ALTERNATIVE
METHODS OF HEATH CARE
“ We s t e r n M e d i c i n e ”
“A l t e r n a t ive M e d i c i n e s ”
•Most common health care system in
the US
•Based on evaluating physical signs
and symptoms of a patient,
determining the cause of disease,
and treating the cause
•Complimentary: methods of
treatment used in conjunction with
conventional therapies
•Alternative: methods of treatment
used in place of biomedical therapies
INTEGRATIVE HEALTH CARE
•Uses both mainstream treatments and CAM therapies to treat patient
•Each person is unique and may require different medical treatments and a
variety of CAM therapies
•Emphasis on HOLISTIC CARE
•CAM Examples:
•Ayurvedic Practitioners
•Chinese Medicine Practitioners
•Chiropractors
•Homeopaths
•Hypnotists
•Naturopaths
*See Table 1-8
NATIONAL HEALTH CARE PLAN
•Main goal to ensure all Americans
can get health coverage
•Multiple plans proposed
•“Obamacare”
PANDEMIC
•Exists when the outbreak of a disease occurs over a wide geographic area and
affects a high proportion of the population
•World Health Organization (WHO)
•Influenza pandemics
•Hantavirus
•SARS
•Monkeypox
•Filoviruses
PANDEMICS
Government protection plans:
• Education
• Vaccine production
• Antiviral drugs
• Development of protective public health measures
• International cooperation