Download The presentation about Arabic Medicine

The presentation about Arabic
Medicine
Arabic Medicine
The new Arabic Medicine.
The young doctors take care about the child.
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Islamic cultures are among the most
interesting, complex, and dynamic in the world.
At the same time, they are among the least
known in the West. From its dramatic rise in
the seventh century A. D. to the present,
Islamic civilization has covered a large part of
the globe, incorporating many subcultures and
languages into its orbit, and vigorously
engaging the peoples around it.
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Medicine was a central part of medieval
Islamic culture. Disease and health were of
importance to rich and poor alike, as indeed
they are in every civilization. Responding to
circumstances of time and place, Islamic
physicians and scholars developed a large and
complex medical literature exploring and
synthesizing the theory and practice of
medicine. This extensive literature was not
specialized in the sense that modern medical
literature is. Rather, it was integrated with
learned traditions in philosophy, natural
science, mathematics, astrology, alchemy, and
religion.
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Islamic medicine was built on tradition, chiefly the
theoretical and practical knowledge developed in
Greece and Rome. For Islamic
scholars, Galen (d. ca. 210 AD) and
Hippocrates (5th century BC) were pre-eminent
authorities, followed by Hellenic scholars in
Alexandria. Islamic scholars translated their
voluminous writings from Greek into Arabic and
then produced new medical knowledge based on
those texts. In order to make the Greek tradition
more accessible, understandable, and teachable,
Islamic scholars ordered and made more
systematic the vast and sometimes inconsistent
Greco-Roman medical knowledge by writing
encyclopedias and summaries
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Islamic medicine drew upon Hellenic medical
tradition to form its own. Likewise, medieval and
early modern scholars in Europe drew upon Islamic
traditions and translations as the foundation for
their medical enterprise. It was through Arabic
translations that the West learned of Hellenic
medicine, including the works of Galen and
Hippocrates. Of equal if not of greater influence in
Western Europe were systematic and
comprehensive works such as Avicenna's Canon of
Medicine, which were translated into Latin and then
disseminated in manuscript and printed form
throughout Europe. During the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries alone, the Canon of Medicine was
published more than thirty-five times.
Ibn al-Nafis.
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in 1242, Ibn al-Nafis was the first to
describe pulmonary circulation and coronary
circulation,[50] which form the basis of
the circulatory system, for which he is considered
the father of the theory of circulation.[51] He also
described the earliest concept
of metabolism,[52] and developed new systems
of physiology and psychology to replace
the Avicenna’s and Galen’s systems, while
discrediting many of their erroneous theories on
the four
humours, pulsation,[53] bones, muscles, intestines, s
ensory
organs, bilious canals, esophagus, stomach, etc.
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Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), regarded as the father
of modern surgery,[41] wrote the Kitab alTasrif (1000), a 30-volume
medical encyclopedia which was taught at Muslim
and European medical schools until the 17th
century. He used numerous surgical instruments,
including the instruments unique to women,] as
well as the surgical uses of the catgut and forceps,
the ligature, the surgical needle, the scalpel,
the curette, the retractor, the surgical spoon,
the sound, the surgical hook, the surgical rod, and
the specula, bone saw, and plaster.
Abulcasis.
Anatomy and physiology
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In anatomy and physiology, the first physician to
refute Galen's theory of humorism was Muhammad ibn
Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) in his Doubts about Galen in the
10th century. He criticized Galen's theory that the
body possessed four separate "humors" (liquid
substances), whose balance are the key to health and a
natural body-temperature. Razi was the first to prove
this theory wrong using an experiment. He carried out
an experiment which would upset this system by
inserting a liquid with a different temperature into the
body resulting in an increase or decrease of bodily heat
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which resembled the temperature of that
particular fluid. Razi noted particularly that a
warm drink would heat up the body to a degree
much higher than its own natural temperature,
thus the drink would trigger a response from the
body, rather than transferring only its own
warmth or coldness to it. This line of criticism
was the first comprehensive experimental
refutation of Galen's theory of humors and
Aristotle's theory of the four classical
elements on which it was grounded. Razi's
own chemical experiments suggested other
qualities of matter, such as "oiliness" and
"sulfurousness", or inflammability and salinity,
which were not readily explained by the
traditional fire, water, earth and air division of
elements
Clinical pharmacology
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Avicenna's contribution to pharmacology and the pharmaceutical
sciences in The Canon of Medicine (1020s) include the introduction
of systematic experimentation and quantification into
pharmacology and the study of physiology,[27] the introduction
of clinical pharmacology,[34] experimental medicine,[28] evidencebased medicine, clinical trials,[29] randomized controlled
trials,[30][31] efficacy tests,[32][33]the experimental use and testing of
drugs, a precise guide for practical experimentation in the process
of discovering and proving the effectiveness of
medical substances,[40] and the first careful descriptions of skin
troubles, sexually transmitted diseases, perversions, and nervous
ailments,[17] as well the use of ice to treat fevers, and the separation
of medicine from pharmacology, which was important to the
development of the pharmaceutical sciences.[37] The Canon laid out
the following rules and principles for testing the effectiveness of
new drugs and medications, which still form the basis of clinical
pharmacology[34] and modern clinical trials
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"The drug must be free from any extraneous accidental
quality."
"It must be used on a simple, not a composite, disease."
"The drug must be tested with two contrary types of
diseases, because sometimes a drug cures one disease by Its
essential qualities and another by its accidental ones."
"The quality of the drug must correspond to the strength of
the disease. For example, there are some drugs whose heat
is less than the coldness of certain diseases, so that they
would have no effect on them."
"The time of action must be observed, so that essence and
accident are not confused."
"The effect of the drug must be seen to occur constantly or
in many cases, for if this did not happen, it was an accidental
effect."
"The experimentation must be done with the human body,
for testing a drug on a lion or a horse might not prove
anything about its effect on man."
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
(936-1013 C.E.)
Abu Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi (known in the west as Abulcasis)
was born in 936 C.E. in Zahra in the neighborhood of Cordova. He became
one of the most renowned surgeons of the Muslim era and was physician to
King Al-Hakam-II of Spain. After a long medical career, rich with significant
original contribution, he died in 1013 C.E.
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
He is best known for his early and original breakthroughs in
surgery as well as for his famous Medical Encyclopedia called AlTasrif, which is composed of thirty volumes covering different
aspects of medical science. The more important part of this series
comprises three books on surgery, which describe in detail various
aspects of surgical treatment as based on the operations
performed by him, including cauterization, removal of stone from
the bladder, dissection of animals, midwifery, styptics, and surgery
of eye, ear and throat. He perfected several delicate operations,
including removal of the dead fetus and amputation.
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
Al-Tasrif was first translated by Gherard of Cremona into Latin in
the Middle Ages. It was followed by several other editors in
Europe. The book contains numerous diagrams and illustrations of
surgical instruments, in use or developed by him, and comprised a
part of the medical curriculum in European countries for many
centuries. Contrary to the view that the Muslims fought shy of
surgery, Al-Zahrawi's Al-Tasrif provided a monumental collection
for this branch of applied science.
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
Al-Zahrawi was the inventor of several surgical instruments, of
which three are notable: (i) an instrument for internal examination of the ear, (ii) an instrument for internal inspection of the
urethra, and (iii) and instrument for applying or removing foreign
bodies from the throat. He specialized in curing disease by
cauterization and applied the technique to as many as 50 different
operations.
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
In his book Al-Tasrif, Al-Zahrawi has also discussed the preparation of various
medicines, in addition to a comprehensive account of surgical treatment in
specialized branches, whose modern counterparts are E.N.T., Ophthalmology,
etc. In connection with the preparation of medicines, he has also described in
detail the application of such techniques as sublimation and decantation. AlZahrawi was also an expert in dentistry, and his book contains sketches of
various instruments used thereof, in addition to a description of various
important dental operations. He discussed the problem of non-aligned or
deformed teeth and how to rectify these defects. He developed the technique
of preparing artificial teeth and of replacement of defective teeth by these. In
medicine, he was the first to describe in detail the unusual disease, hemophilia.
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
There can be no doubt that Al-Zahrawi influenced the field of medicine and
surgery very deeply and the principles laid down by him were recognized as
authentic in medical science, especially surgery, and these continued to
influence the medical world for five centuries. According to Dr. Cambell
(History of Arab Medicine), his principles of medical science surpassed those
of Galen in the European medical curriculum.
Almost a thousand years ago at a time when Spain (Andalucía) was part of the
Islamic empire, there lived near the capital city of Cordoba one of the great,
but now largely forgotten, pioneers of surgery. He was known as El Zahrawi,
though in European languages his name is written in over a dozen different
ways: Abulcases, Albucasis, Bulcasis, Bulcasim, Bulcari, Alzahawi, Ezzahrawi,
Zahravius, Alcarani, Alsarani, Aicaravi, Alcaravius, Alsahrawi etc.
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
El Zahrawi is believed to have been born in the city of El-Zahra, six miles
northwest of Cordoba, sometime between 936 and 940. It was here that he
lived, studied, taught and practiced medicine and surgery until shortly before
his death in about 1013, two years after the sacking of El-Zahra.
Because El-Zahra was pillaged and destroyed, little is known about its
illustrious son El Zahrawi. He was first mentioned by the Andalusian scholar
Abu Muhammad bin Hazm (993-1064), who listed him among the great
physician- surgeons of Moorish Spain. The first known biography of El Zahrawi,
however, appeared in al-Humaydi's Jadhwat al-Muqtabis (On Andalusian
Savants), completed six decades after El Zahrawi's death.
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
It is clear from El Zahrawi's life history and from his writings that he devoted
his entire life and genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and
surgery in particular. El Zahrawi wrote a medical encyclopedia spanning 30
volumes which included sections on surgery, medicine, orthopedics,
ophthalmology, pharmacology, nutrition etc. This book was known as At-Tasrif
and contained data that El Zahrawi had accumulated during a career that
spanned almost 50 years of training, teaching and practice. He apparently
travelled very little but had wide experience in treating accident victims and
war casualties.
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
In At-Tasrif, El Zahrawi expressed his concern about the welfare of his
students whom he called "my children". He emphasized the importance of a
good doctor patient relationship and took great care to ensure the safety of
his patients and win their trust irrespective of their social status. El Zahrawi's
clinical methods showed extreme foresight - he promoted the close
observation of individual cases in order to establish the most accurate
diagnosis and the best possible treatment. He insisted on compliance with
ethical norms and warned against dubious practices adopted by some
physicians for purposes of material gain. He also cautioned against quacks who
claimed surgical skills they did not possess.
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
At-Tasrif contains many original observations of historical interest. In it, El
Zahrawi elaborates on the causes and symptoms of disease and theorises on
the upbringing of
children and youth and on the care of the aged and convalescent. In the
section on pharmacology and therapeutics, he covers areas such as cardiac
drugs, emetics, laxatives, cosmetology, dietetics, materia medica, weights and
measures and drug substitution.
Perhaps the most importance treatise is the one on surgery. This monumental
work was the first in Arabic to treat surgery independently and in detail. It
included many pictures of surgical instruments, most invented by El Zahrawi
himself, and explanations of their use. El Zahrawi was the first medical author
to provide illustrations of instruments used in surgery. There are
approximately 200 such drawings ranging from a tongue depressor and a
tooth extractor to a catheter and an elaborate obstetric device.
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
The variety of operations covered is amazing. In this treatise El Zahrawi
discussed cauterization, bloodletting,
midwifery and obstetrics and the treatment of wounds. He described the
exposure and division of the temporal artery to relieve certain types of
headaches, diversion of urine into the rectum, reduction mammoplasty for
excessively large breasts and the extraction of cataracts. He wrote extensively
about injuries to bones and joints, even mentioning fractures of the nasal bones
and of the vertebrae. In fact 'Kocher's method' for reducing a dislocated shoulder
was described in At-Tasrif long before Kocher was born! El Zahrawi outlined the
use of caustics in surgery, fully described tonsillectomy, tracheotomy and
craniotomy- operations he had performed on a dead fetus. He explained how to
use a hook to extract a polyptiom the nose, how to use a bulb syringe he had
invented for giving enemas to children and how to use a metallic bladder syringe
and speculum to extract bladder stones.
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
El Zahrawi was the first to describe the so-called "Walcher position" in
obstetrics; the first to depict dental arches, tongue depressors and lead catheters
and the first to describe clearly the hereditary circumstances surrounding
hemophilia. He also described ligaturing of blood vessels long before Ambroise
Pare.
Once At-Tasrif was translated into Latin in the 12th century, El Zahrawi had a
tremendous influence on surgery in the West. The French surgeon Guy de
Chauliac in his 'Great Surgery', completed in about 1363, quoted At-Tasrif over
200 times. El Zahrawi was described by Pietro Argallata (died 1423) as "without
doubt the chief of all surgeons". Jaques Delechamps (1513-1588), another French
surgeon, made extensive use of At-Tasrif in his elaborate commentary, confirming
the great prestige of El Zahrawi throughout the Middle Ages and up to the
Renaissance
ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI
At-Tasrif was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona in the
12th century and alongside Avicenna's Canon, played a major role
as a medical text in the universities of Europe from the 12th to
the 17th century AD. Two of El Zahrawi's treatises deserve special
mention. Firstly his 28th treatise, known in Latin as Liber
servitors' de preeparatione medicinarum simplicium, describes
chemical preparations, tablet making, filtering of extracts and
related pharmaceutical techniques. This treatise was printed in
Venice in 1471 by Nicolaus Jensen.