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Max Weber 1864-1920 1 Rationality and Organization Background Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber Born in Erfurt, Germany (1864) Well-to-do family Eldest of eight children Sickly child Physical problems Mental problems Family 3 His mother (Helene Fallenstein): Calvinist Very religious Concerned with social issues His father (Max Weber): Politician Lawyer Self-centered and authoritarian Mr. and Mrs. Max Weber 4 Family 5 Parents had marriage problems Different beliefs and values Max Weber and his brother Alfred became sociologists and economists. Max Weber 6 Weber Pronounced: “vay-bear” Max, Alfred, and Karl -> (1879) Max Weber’s Sociology 7 Concerned with individuals, as well as social structure Macro Micro Max Weber: Sociology 8 Comprehensive science of Social Action Behavior versus Action Behavior= Move, react, eat etc. Action=Behavior + Meaning Different from Other Theorists 9 Spencer: Evolution of society as analogous to an organism Natural laws of society Durkheim: Society as an organism Maintaining cohesion of social structures Social Solidarity Different from Other Theorists 10 Marx: Society influenced by economy Conflict between social classes Malinowski: Society functions to meet needs of individuals Holistic approach Max Weber: Social Action 11 Weber’s primary focus: Subjective meanings that humans attach to their actions and interactions Within specific social contexts Behavior without meaning is not sociology Max Weber: Social Action 12 Four Major Types of Social Action 1. Traditional Action Guided by custom or habit Action is simply "always done" Example: Celebrating holidays Max Weber: Social Action 13 2. Emotional or Affective Action Motivated by emotional state Love, Anger, Happiness, Revenge Examples: Going to college because your boyfriend or girlfriend is attending that school Hitting a person out of anger Max Weber: Social Action 14 3. Value-oriented Rational Action Working toward a goal, which may not be rational But is pursued through rational means Values: Ethical, Religious, Philosophical Not rationally "chosen“ Example: Going to college because you value learning and knowledge Max Weber: Social Action 15 4. Instrumental Rational (Goal-oriented Rational Action) Goals & means are rationally chosen Example: Earning a college degree in order to get a good paying job How to get rich https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz81sLCy--c 3/24 Max Weber: Social Action 16 Primarily concerned with modern Western society Behavior increasingly dominated by goal-oriented rationality In the past: Motivated by tradition, affect, or value-oriented rationality Rationalization 17 Rational calculation, Efficiency, and Control (Ex. Bureaucracy) Replaces: Affective ties Spirituality Tradition Max Weber: Ideal Types 18 An ideal type not meant to refer to “best” or to a “moral ideal” e.g., Ideal type brothel or Ideal type chapel Analytical construct that provides a basic method for comparative study Max Weber: Ideal Types 19 Identifies “logically consistent” features of social institution Compare “ideal type” to reality Used to develop research hypotheses Ideal Type Bureaucracy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBCAlZPF0D0 Legitimation & Authority 21 Legitimation-> Turns coercion into acceptable power Authority = Legitimate Power Three types of authority 1. Legal-rational 2. Traditional 3. Charismatic Max Weber: Authority 22 1. Legal-rational authority Based on impersonal rules Rules are legally enacted or contractually established Examples: Presidents, judges Max Weber: Authority 23 2. Traditional authority Based on belief in tradition Passed down generation to generation Examples: Kings, Queens, Parents, Elders Max Weber: Authority 24 3. Charismatic authority Allegiance to leader Leader’s characteristics Quality of individual's personality Source of change Examples: Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi Max Weber: Bureaucracy 25 Formal organization of large-scale enterprises for example: Government Military Economy Religion Education http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBCAlZPF0D0 Max Weber: Bureaucracy 26 Ideal-type Bureaucracy: Clearly defined division of labor Rationality Attention to implementing goals of organization Impersonal application of rules Routinization of tasks Max Weber: Bureaucracy 27 Major advantage Calculability of results Dysfunctions of bureaucracy Depersonalization Difficult to deal with individual cases Personnel are replaceable Information flows from top-down http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TypEb0tbFho George Tooker paintings illustrate rationality and modernity Max Weber: Class, Status, and Party 28 Method for Studying Social Stratification: Sources of Power Social Class “…property…and Life lack of property…” chances Socio-economic category Lower class Middle class Upper class Sources of Power: Class, Status, & Party 29 Status Prestige Honor Evaluations people make of one another Ranking desired behavior & traits 2009 30 Max Weber: Party 31 Association that attempts to influence social action Religious Political Age-based Race/Ethnicity Lobbyists Working toward a goal in a planned manner (i.e., rationally) Weber’s Contribution to Sociology 32 ◦ Stratification theory (class, status, party) ◦ Bureaucracy & large scale organizations ◦ Power & Authority ◦ Sociology of law ◦ Sociology of religion Weber’s Contribution to Sociology Theory and Methodology 33 “Verstehen” helps in understanding why certain behaviors occur Social Action: Subjective meanings Values: Role in relationships Weber’s Contribution to Sociology 34 Multi-causality Complete of Social Phenomena Objectivity is Impossible ◦ Values & Value relevance Weber’s Contribution to Sociology 35 Max Weber had more powerful positive impact on a wide range of sociological theories than any other sociological theorist Created the German Association for Sociology (1909) Starting Point for Careers: Karl Mannheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton and C. Wright Mills