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Sociology: Your Compass for a New World Robert J. Brym and John Lie Wadsworth Group/Thomson Learning © 2003 Chapter 16 Population, Urbanization, and Development Malthus Malthus Argued That While Food Supplies Increase Slowly, Populations Grow Quickly Because of These Presumed Natural Laws, Only Three Things Can Keep Human Population Growth in Check According to Malthus: War Pestilence Famine Critique of Malthus Malthus’s Theory Has Been Questioned Because of Rapid Increases in Food Production Higher-than-expected Limits to Population Size Growth of Large, Prosperous Populations The Ability to Provide Generous Social Welfare and Still Maintain Low Population Growth Rates The Widespread Use of Contraception World Population, 1750 - 2100 (in millions, projected) Millions 10000 8000 6000 4000 developed countries less developed countries World Population 1804 1 billion 1927 2 billion 1960 3 billion 1974 4 billion 1987 5 billion 1999 6 billion 2013 7 billion 2028 8 billion 2054 9 billion 2093 10 billion 2000 Total: 760 Total: 10,185 Total: 8,472 Total: 2,516 Total: 5,759 0 1750 1950 1995 2025 2100 Year Sources: Livi-Bacci (1992: 31); Merrick (1986: 12); United Nations (1993; 1998c). Population Pyramids United States, 2001 Mexico, 2001 Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2000c). Demographic Transition Theory The Main Factors Underlying Population Dynamics In Demographic Transition Theory Are Industrialization and Values: Preindustrial Era: Birth Rate and Death Rate Were High So Population Growth Was Slow Early Industrialization: Death Rate Fell, So Population Growth Was Rapid Later Industrialization: Birth Rate Fell, Resulting in Slow Growth Again Postindustrial Era: Death Rate Rises Above Birth Rate So Population Shrinks Demographic Transition Theory Stage Preindustrial Early Industrial Mature Industrial Postindustrial Crude birth rate Crude death rate Growth slow increase fast increase slow increase Time slow decline Inequality and Population Partially Independent of the Level of Industrialization, the Level of Social Inequality Between Women and Men, and Between Classes, Affects Population Dynamics Lower Levels of Social Inequality Typically Result in Lower Crude Birth Rates and Therefore Lower Population Growth Rates Urbanization Much Urbanization Is Associated With the Growth of Factories However, Religious, Political, and Commercial Need Gave Rise to Cities in the preindustrial Era Moreover, the Fastest Growing Cities in the World Today Are in Semi-industrialized Countries The Chicago School Members of the Chicago School Described and Explained the Spatial and Social Dimensions of the Industrial City They Developed a Theory of Human Ecology That Explained Urban Growth As the Outcome of Differentiation, Competition, and Ecological Succession They Described the Spatial Arrangement of the Industrial City As a Series of Expanding Concentric Circles. The Concentric Zone Model of Chicago, About 1920 Source: Burgess (1967 [1925]). Critique of the Chicago School Subsequent Research Showed That The City Was Not As Anomic As the Chicago Sociologists Made It Appear The Concentric Zone Pattern Applied Best to the Industrial City in the First Quarter of the 20th Century Power Conflicts and the Profit Motive Underlie the Evolution of Cities The Multiple-Nuclei Model of a City Central business district Source: Harris and Ullman (1945). The Corporate and Postmodern Cities The Corporate City That Emerged After World War II Was a Vehicle for Capital Accumulation That Stimulated the Growth of the Suburbs and Resulted in the Decline of Inner Cities The Postmodern City That Took Shape in the Last Decades of the Twentieth Century Is Characterized by the Increased Globalization of Culture, Fragmentation of Lifestyles, and Privatization of Space Modernization and Dependency Theories Modernization Theory Argues That Global Inequality Is Due to Some Countries Lacking Sufficient Capital Western Values Rational Business Practices Stable Governments Dependency Theory Counters That Global Inequality Results From the Exploitative Relationship Between Rich and Poor Countries Emerging from Poverty An important test of the two theories concerns the effect of foreign investment on economic growth, but research on this subject is equivocal The poor countries able to emerge from poverty have a colonial past that left them with industrial infrastructures enjoy a favorable geopolitical position apply strong growth-oriented economic policies have socially cohesive populations
