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American History
Unit 11
Immigration & Urban Life
(1870 – 1915)
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The Gilded Age
• Suggests that there was
a thin, glittering layer of
prosperity that covered
the poverty and
corruption that existed in
much of society.
• ___________________
___________________
___________________.
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• In the late 1800’s businesses operated
__________ much government regulation.
• This is known as laissez-faire economics.
• Laissez-faire means “______________” in
French.
• Even though people liked laissez-faire
economics in general, they ____________
government involvement when it
______________________________
them.
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For example,
• __________________________
__________________________
__________________________.
• A subsidy is a payment made by the
government to encourage the
development of certain important
industries, such as railroads.
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The Spoils System
• Under the Spoils System, candidates
who were running for political office
would
_______________________________.
• The Spoils System
also gave supporters
access to ____________________ and
_______________________________.
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• During the Gilded Age, the
Republicans and Democrats had
about the ________________ of
__________________________.
• To keep party members loyal,
candidates ________ supporters
and tried to avoid ____________
issues.
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The Republicans
• ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________.
• They favored the gold standard, high
tariffs, and the enforcement of blue laws,
regulations that prohibited certain
activities people considered immoral.
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The Democrats
• Appealed to the _____________
groups such as northern urban
immigrants, laborers, southern
planters, and
__________________________.
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Reforming the Spoils System
• President
_____________
_____________
_____________
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• Elected in 1877
• Hayes began to reform the civil service,
the government’s non elected workers,
by appointing ______________ political
independents instead of giving positions
to _____________________________.
• He did not have the support of
_______________________________
_______________________________.
• Hayes did not seek a second term.
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President _________________
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• Before the 1880 presidential election the
Republican party was split into three
groups:
–________________ defended the
spoils system
–____________________ hoped to
reform the system.
–____________________ opposed the
spoils system.
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• Garfield wanted to ___________ the
system.
• His running-mate
was Chester
Arthur, a Stalwart.
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• On July 2, 1881 Garfield was
assassinated by a __________ who
wanted _____________________.
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Arthur reforms the Civil Service
• After the assassination, President Arthur
was able to get congressional support
for the Pendleton Civil Service Act.
• ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________.
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Regulating Railroads
• ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________.
• One practice that caused problems was
railroads offering rebates or partial
refunds to favored customers.
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• ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________.
• But since railroads cross state borders, it
was argued that only the federal government
could regulate them.
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• In 1887, Congress passed the
Interstate Commerce Act and set up
the nation’s first federal regulatory
board, the Interstate Commerce
Commission (ICC).
• _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
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The Immigrant Experience
•
Immigrants came to the United States to
escape:
1. Crop failures
2. ______________________________
3. Rising taxes
4. ______________________________
5. Religious persecution
6. Political persecution
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• In the 1880’s in Russia many
Jewish people fled a wave of
progroms.
–Progrom – Violent massacres of Jews.
• Steam-powered ships could
cross the __________________
in two or three weeks.
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• __________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________.
–Steerage – a large open area beneath
the ship’s deck.
• Between 1865 and 1890 about
10 million immigrants arrived.
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• Most immigrants came from
________________________________.
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In the 1890’s
• Most new immigrants came from central,
southern, and eastern Europe and the
Middle East.
• More than 70 percent of all immigrants
came through _____________________
which was called the “Golden Door.”
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Immigrants From Europe
• In 1892, the federal government
required all new immigrants to undergo
a
_______________________________.
• Immigrants with contagious diseases,
such as tuberculosis, faced
_______________________________.
– Quarantine – a time of isolation to prevent the spread of
diseases.
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• Urban neighborhoods dominated by one
ethnic or racial group of immigrants were
called ghettos.
• Some ghettos formed because immigrants
felt ____________________
__________________________________
_____________________________.
• Other ghettos formed from restrictive
covenants, when homeowners agreed not
to sell real estate to certain groups.
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• Still other ghettos formed when ethnic
groups isolated themselves because of
threats of violence, mostly from whites.
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Immigrants from Asia
• Most immigrants who entered the United
States through the _____________ were from
______________________.
• Chinese and Japanese formed the largest
groups.
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• In the mid-1800s, American railroad
companies recruited about a quarter of a
million __________________________.
• Under pressure from labor unions,
Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion
Act in 1882.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________.
• It was not repealed until 1943.
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• In 1906, the San Francisco
school board ruled that all
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
students should attend separate
schools.
• The Japanese government
condemned the policy.
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The Gentlemen’s Agreement
• President Theodore Roosevelt made a
compromise with the Japanese
government.
• It was called the Gentlemen’s Agreement
because _______________.
• It called for San Francisco to end its policy
and for Japan to stop issuing passports to
laborers.
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Immigrants from Mexico
• Employers hired Mexican laborers to
work on _________________________.
• They also helped construct railroads in
the _____________________________.
• When the United States entered World
War I in 1917, demand for workers
_________________________ sharply.
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• _____________ were a “pull” factor
that drew Mexican workers to the
United States.
• ____________ was a “push” factor
that encouraged them to leave
Mexico.
• The 1910 Mexican Revolution and
the civil war that came after that killed
about 10% of Mexico’s population.
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• When the Immigration Restriction Act
of 1921 limited immigration from Europe
and Asia, ________________________
Mexican immigration.
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How did Cities Grow?
• Before the Civil War, cities were
small. Most people ____________
wherever they needed to go.
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• The introduction of the _________________
allowed people to move out of the cities to
the suburbs, or residential communities
surrounding the cities.
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• Later in the 1880’s, motorized
transportation made commuting even
faster.
• The first elevated trains opened in 1868 in
New York and the first subway trains
appeared in Boston in 1897.
• __________________________________
______________________________.
The first skyscraper in Chicago was ten
stories tall.
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Urban Living Conditions
• Many middle-class residents who could
afford to move to the suburbs, did so.
• They left behind empty buildings and
owners converted the buildings into
________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________.
• Speculators also built ______________.
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• Tenement – low-cost apartment
buildings designed to house as many
families as the owner could pack in.
• A group of dirty, run-down tenements
could transform an area into a slum.
• Because of ______________________,
and _____________, the old residential
neighborhoods of cities gradually
________________________________.
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• ____________________________________
____________________________________.
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The Dumbbell Tenement
• So named because
____________________________________
• Usually seven or eight stories high
• Shallow, sunless, ill-smelling airs shafts
providing minimal ventilation
• ____________________________________
• They shared a malodorous toilet in the hall
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• ___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
• The wealthiest left the
city altogether and
headed for the semirural suburbs.
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• ________ was a constant danger in cities.
• A small fire could quickly consume a
neighborhood because of the way
tenement buildings were closely packed
together.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
• Before it was over, 18,000 buildings had
burned, leaving about 250 people dead
and 10,000 people homeless.
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• Scientists believed that _____________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________.
• They pushed for reforms to improve air
flow in the buildings and for natural light
to be ______________ in the tenements.
• In 1879, laws were changed in New York
so that every tenement building required
an _____________________________.
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• Scientists also linked diseases like
cholera and typhoid to ___________
____________________________,
which tenement residents drew from
a common pipe or pump in the yard.
• City water companies later
introduced
_____________________________
____________________________.
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The Results of City Growth
• Rapidly growing cities were difficult to
_______________________________.
• Increased _________________________
gave city governments more power and
competition for control grew more intense.
• Different groups represented the interests
of different classes.
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• The political machine, born from these
clashing interests, was an _______________
____________________________________
____________________________________
___________________________________.
• Political machines worked through the
exchange of favors.
• Many people who wanted favors would pay
money, graft, to the political machine.
• Graft – a major source of income for the
machines.
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Helping the Needy
The Charity Organization Movement
 Kept detailed files on people who
received their help.
 Decided who was worthy of help.
 Wanted immigrants to _____________,
middle-class standards.
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The Social Gospel Movement
 ____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________.
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The Settlement Movement
 Moved into poor communities
 Their settlement houses served as
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________.
 Hull House, a model settlement house in
Chicago, offered cultural events, classes,
childcare, employment assistance, and
health-care clinics.
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The Development of
Sociology
• Philosopher Auguste Comte coined the term
sociology to __________________________
____________________________________
in society.
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• Sociology is a social science.
• A sociologist collects data on
societies and measures the data
against theories of human behavior.
• In the late 19th century, many
sociologists studied the effects of
_____________________________
_____________________________
____________________________.
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Controlling Immigration and
Behavior
• Many Americans linked the the problems
of the cities to the new
_______________________________.
• By controlling immigrants they hoped to
___________ what they believed was a
past of
_______________________________.
• Groups were formed to pursue this goal.
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• Some wanted to keep immigrants out of
the United States.
• Others wanted to ______ their behavior.
• Many people were Nativists, who believed
in nativism, or favoring
________________________________
_______________________________.
• In the 1850’s, the Know-Nothing Party had
gained many followers by vowing to
restrict immigration.
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• The rise of immigrants to positions of
power in the cities during the late 1800’s
provoked a new wave of anti-foreign
bias.
• Several groups, such as the American
Protective Association, tried to make it
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________.
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Prohibition
• The temperance movement, an
organized campaign to eliminate alcohol
consumption saw a revival in the late
1800’s.
• Three major groups led the movement
and supported ____________, a ban on
the _____________________________
_______________________________.
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• These groups believed that
________________ led to personal
tragedies, and they also saw a link
among saloons, immigrants, and
political bosses.
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Purity Crusaders
• As cities grew, drugs, gambling,
prostitution, and other forms of vice
(immoral or corrupt behavior)
became _____________________.
• Many residents fought to rid their
communities of these activities.
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