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Chapter 2: Culture
Sociology: A Down-to-Earth
Approach 7/e
James M. Henslin
Chapter Two: Culture
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
1
Chapter 2: Culture
What is Culture?
 Language, Beliefs, Values, Norms, Behavior
Passed from One Generation to the Next

Material vs. Nonmaterial Cultures
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
2
Chapter 2: Culture
Culture and Taken-for-Granted
Orientations

What is Normal, Natural, or Usual?

The Culture Within Us

Culture as Lens

Culture Shock

Ethnocentrism
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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Chapter 2: Culture
Other Cultures
Thailand
Trinidad
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Chapter 2: Culture
Practicing Cultural Relativism
 Understanding Cultures on Their Own Terms

“Sick Cultures”

Confronting Contrasting Views of Reality
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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Chapter 2: Culture
Gestures
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Chapter 2: Culture
Components of Symbolic Culture

Gestures

Language
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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Chapter 2: Culture
Language and Culture

Allows Human Experience to be Cumulative

Provides a Social or Shared Past

Provides a Social or Shared Future

Allows Shared Perspectives

Allows Complex, Shared, Goal-Directed
Behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
8
Chapter 2: Culture
Language and Perception:
Sapir-Whorf
Language
Has Embedded Within It Ways
of Looking at the World
Sapir-Whorf
Reverses Common Sense
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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Chapter 2: Culture
Values, Norms, and Sanctions

Values—What is Desirable in Life

Norms—Expectations or Rules for Behavior

Sanctions—Reaction to Following or Breaking
Norms
Positive Sanctions
Negative Sanctions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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Chapter 2: Culture
Folkways and Mores

Folkways—Norms not Strictly Enforced

Mores—Core Values: We Insist on
Conformity
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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Chapter 2: Culture
Subcultures and Countercultures
 Subculture—A World Within the Dominant
Culture

Countercultures—Groups With Norms and
Values at Odds With the Dominant Culture
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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Chapter 2: Culture
Values in U.S. Society
Achievement and
Success
Progress
Equality
Individualism
Material Comfort
Racism and Group
Superiority
Activity and Work
Humanitarianism
Education
Efficiency and
Practicality
Freedom
Religiosity
Science and
Technology
Democracy
Romantic Love
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
13
Chapter 2: Culture
Values in U.S. Society
 Achievement

and Success
Individualism
 Activity
and Work

Efficiency and Practicality

Science and Technology
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
14
Chapter 2: Culture
Values in U.S. Society

Progress

Material Comfort

Humanitarianism

Freedom

Democracy
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
15
Chapter 2: Culture
Values in U.S. Society

Equality

Racism and Group Superiority

Education

Religiosity

Romantic Love
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
16
Chapter 2: Culture
Value Contradictions and Social Change
“It is precisely at the point of value
contradictions, then, that one can see a major
force for social change in a society.”
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Chapter 2: Culture
Emerging Values

Leisure

Self-fulfillment

Physical Fitness

Youthfulness

Concern for the Environment
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Chapter 2: Culture
Values and Culture

Culture Wars: When Values Clash

Value as Blinders

“Ideal” vs. “Real” Culture
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Chapter 2: Culture
Cultural Universals
 Some Activities are Universal—Courtship,
Marriage, Funerals, Games, etc.

Specific Customs Associated with Activities
Differ Between Groups
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20
Chapter 2: Culture
Sociobiology

Controversial View of Human Behavior

Biology Cause of Human Behavior

Charles Darwin and Natural Selection

Sociologists and Social Biologists on
Opposite Sides
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
21
Chapter 2: Culture
Technology in the Global Village

The New Technology—New Tools

Cultural Lag and Cultural Change

Technology and Cultural Leveling
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005
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