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Phylum Cnidaria Coral Reef David Att. Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa (Hydra, Man-o-war) Class Cubozoa (cube jellyfish) Class Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) Class Anthozoa (anemones, coral) Phylum Cnidaria Examples: Sea anemones Corals Sea Pen Sea Fan Sea Plume Hydra Jelly fish Portuguese Man o’ War Box Jelly Fish General Characteristics cnidarians 1. More complex than sponges but still very simple animals 2. Most are sessile (corals) but some are sedentary (jellyfish) 3. Found in all oceans and at all depths 4. Live in colonies or free-living 5. All have radial symmetry 6. Most have tentacles with stinging cells Man of War Body Plan 1. Polyp- attaches to a rock or coral at its base (anemone) 2. Medusa – has a bell with tentacles hanging down (jellyfish) Body Plan Body Layers Ectoderm: the outer layer that contains sensory organs and nerves Mesoglea: the middle, jelly-like substance containing little to no cells Endoderm: the inner layer containing muscle cells and cilia for movement Cnidocytes Cnidocytes: cells found in the tentacles that sting and have venom Used to capture and subdue prey and to protect against predators How Jellyfish Sting Cnidocytes Most are not harmful to humans, however Portuguese man-ofwar and certain jellyfish are quite painful and sometimes dangerous Locomotion Polyps: move around by sliding, “inch worming” or summersaulting Medusa: move by contracting muscles and expelling water from their bell cnidarian movement Feeding and Digestion The mouth opens into the gastrovascular cavity where enzymes are released to digest food cnidarians feeding Reproduction Polyps 1. Budding: a knob of tissue forms on the side of the “parent” The bud develops into an adult and the offspring detaches Detached: free-living clone of the parent Undetached: stay together and live as a colony Reproduction 2. Fission The polyp splits in half forming 2 identical animals 3. Pedal Laceration tissue is torn from the basal disc and develops into a new identical offspring Reproduction Medusa Sexual reproduction only! Sperm and egg get released into the water where fertilization occurs coral spawning jellyfish life cycle Ecological Relationship 1. Neurotoxins are useful in medical research 2. Build coral reefs that are habitats for many other species 3. Used to make jewelry 4. Ecological Relationship 4. Have mutualistic relationships with other species Mutualism: when 2 species benefit from living with each other Fish living within tentacles of a man o’ war Anemone & clown fish Class Hydrozoa Hydra, man-o-war Alternate between polyp and medusa stage Most live in colonies Found in salt and fresh water Portuguese man-of-war Man o' war Portuguese man-of-war attack Class Scyphozoa: true jellyfish Includes most jellyfish Medusa is the dominant stage Have a bettr developed nervous system than most cnidarians How to live forever: be a jellyfish Jellyfish jellyfish documentary Giant Jellyfish Northern Sea Nettle Class Cubozoa Cube Jellyfish Bells are square with tentacles on the 4 corners All are active predators Their sting can be fatal to humans Irukandji jellyfish Sea Wasp Box Jellyfish Box Jelly Video box jelly Sting of a Sea Wasp The venom has cardiotoxic, neurotoxic and highly dermatonecrotic components Class Anthozoa: Flower Animals Anemones, corals, sea fans, sea pen, sea pansies Have no medusa stage Live alone or in colonies Have more developed muscle cells Build coral reefs Sea anemone Coral reef A Closer Look at Coral coral Tube anemone Sea fans Sea pens Sea Pansies Phylum Ctenophores Ctenophores Examples: “sea walnuts” and “comb jellies” General Characteristics: Live in warm, tropical waters Have bioluminescent, transparent bodies Fewer than 100 species exist Form and Function Form and function: they have a few tentacles with sticky cells instead of stinging cells to catch prey Have cilia for movement Colloblasts: sticky cells used to catch prey Reproduction: Monoecious, both sexual and asexual reproduction Sea Walnut Comb Jelly Comb Jelly Coral Reef breat barrier reef BBC great barrier reef