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CH 1: Characteristics of Life What is Biology??? • Biology: – study of life • What Do Biologists Study? 1. Interactions of living things • Ex. What does it need to survive? 2. Interactions of living things & environment • Ex. How does one affect the other? 3. Problems and possible solutions • Ex. What can we do about endangered species? Major Branches of Biology • • • • Ecology: study of environment Botany: study of plants Zoology: study of animals Anatomy & Physiology: study of structures and functions of body • Microbiology: study of microorganisms What Does it Mean to be Alive? Life is diverse yet all living things share common characteristics. • Organism: anything with all characteristics of life • Species: a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring The Characteristics of Life Reproduce: making babies…the ability to produce offspring What do living things do? Genes (DNA) contain info needed for heredity and metabolism. Metabolism- all chemical reactions in cell. Asexual reproduction - involves a single parent; progeny are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction - involves 2 parents; progeny are genetically diverse. 1-6 Reproduce What Do Living Things Do? Grow & Develop: growth is forming new structures and getting bigger; development is all of the changes in one’s life Reproduce What Do Living Things Do? Grow & Develop React to to stimuli: a stimulus is React Stimuli anything in organism’s environment causes it to react; a response is a reaction to it Reproduce What Do Living Things Do? Grow &Grow Develop React to Stimuli Use energy: energy is the ability to do work; involves metabolism which is all of the chemical reactions that take place in our body…we’d die without it!!! • Photosynthetic organisms use CO2, H2O, and sun to make food. Animals obtain nutrients and energy from food eaten. Energy -capacity to do work. Many living things can convert energy to motion. 1-10 1-11 Reproduce Grow Grow& Develop What Do Living Things Do? React to Stimuli I’M HOT! Homeostasis: the maintenance of a constant, stable internal environment suitable for survival Use Energy Reproduce What Do Living Things Do? Organization: have cells as their basic unit of life; enables organisms be Made ofto cells very complex Homeostasis Grow& Develop Grow React to Stimuli Use Energy 1-14 Evolution: the gradual genetic change in a species over time; this includes adaptation which is the ability to adjust to the environment (weather, water, temperature) Reproduce What Do Living Things Do? Grow & Develop React to Stimuli Use Energy Homeostasis Organization Chapter 1 What is Life? Life is Diverse Biodiversity refers to the many different types of organisms on earth. Taxonomy is the biological science that classifies life according to evolutionary relationships. The Domain is the largest group of organisms. 1-16 The Classification of Living Things • Taxomony science of identifying and classifying organisms according to specific criteria using these categories: Kingdom (largest/Diverse) Phylum (Division) Class Order Family Genus Species King Pete Called Out Funky Golf Scores 1-17 There are three domains: Archaea – unicellular prokaryotes, lack a nucleus. - live in harsh environments Bacteria - unicellular prokaryotes, have peptidoglycan in cell wall - Archaea and Eubacteria used to be Monera - some cause human diseases, present most of earth Eukarya –complex cells, have nucleus and organelles. 1-18 1-19 1-20 1-21 The Domain Eukarya is divided into 4 kingdoms: Protists (kingdom Protista) Fungi (kingdom Fungi) Plants (kingdom Plantae) Animals (kingdom Animalia) 1-22 1-23 Most genera contain a number of similar species, with the exception of Homo that only contains modern humans. Classification is based on evolutionary relationships. Each successive classification category contains more different types of organisms than the preceding category. 1-24 Scientific names are binomial names, using genus and species. - Written in italics Genus capitalized species isn’t Modern humans are Homo sapiens. 1-25