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Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya Invertebrates Domain Eubacteria AP Biology Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya 2007-2008 Common ancestor Animal Characteristics Heterotrophs must ingest others for nutrients Multicellular complex bodies No cell walls allows active movement Sexual reproduction no alternation of generations no haploid gametophyte AP Biology Animal Evolution Cnidaria Porifera sponges jellyfish Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms redundancy, segmentation specialization, mobility insects spiders starfish Chordata vertebrates body & brain backbone size, mobility body size endoskeleton coelom digestive sys radial body cavity body complexity digestive & repro sys bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity AP Biology Ancestral Protist distinct body plan; cephalization specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue specialization & body complexity bilateral The Gut Region where food is digested and then absorbed Saclike gut One opening for taking in food and expelling waste Complete digestive system Opening at both ends; mouth and anus AP Biology Body Cavity Space for organ system development increase digestive & reproductive systems increase food capacity & digestion increase gamete production Coelem mesoderm & endoderm interact during development allows complex structures to develop in digestive system ex. stomach AP Biology acoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoel coelomate ectoderm mesoderm coelom cavity endoderm protostome vs. deuterostome The difference between protostomes and deuterostomes can first be analyzed within embryonic development. During development, an opening on the surface of the embryo will eventually connect to the the developing gut, which is called the archenteron, to the outside environment. The opening on the surface of the embryo is called the blastopore. Later on, a second opening at the opposite end of the embryo turns the pouch-like gut into a digestive tube. In protosomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth and the second opening forms the anus. In deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the anus and the second opening forms the mouth AP Biology Invertebrate: Porifera Sponges no distinct tissues or organs do have specialized cells no symmetry sessile (as adults) AP Biology food taken into each cell by endocytosis Sponge Structure water out glasslike structural elements amoeboid cell pore semifluid matrix central cavity flattened surface cells water in flagellum microvilli nucleus Figure 25.7a Page 419 Invertebrate: Cnidaria Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral tissues, but no organs polyp two cell layers radial symmetry predators tentacles surround gut opening extracellular digestion release enzymes AP Biology into gut cavity absorption by cells lining gut medusa Phylum Cnidaria Have stinging cells inside of nematocysts On tentacles capsule’s lid at free surface of epidermal cell trigger barbed thread inside capsule nematocyst Figure 25.8 Page 420 Stinging cells of Cnidarians mouth tentacles sensory cell stinging cell hydra trigger stinging cell with nematocyst AP Biology discharged nematocyst undischarged nematocyst Obelia Life Cycle (Hydrozoan) reproductive polyp male medusa female medusa ovum sperm zygote feeding polyp polyp forming planula Figure 25.10 Page 421 Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes Flatworms tapeworm, planaria mostly parasitic bilaterally symmetrical have right & left & then have head (anterior) end & posterior end Animals now cephalization = development of brain face the world concentration of sense organs in head head on! increase specialization in body plan ectoderm AP Biology acoelomate mesoderm endoderm Invertebrate: Nematoda Roundworms bilaterally symmetrical body cavity C. elegans pseudocoelom = simple body cavity digestive system tube running through length of body (mouth to anus) many are parasitic hookworm AP Biology Invertebrate: Mollusca Mollusks slugs, snails, clams, squid bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions) soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells true coelem increases complexity & specialization of internal organs AP Biology Invertebrate: Annelida Segmented worms earthworms, leeches segments increase mobility redundancy in body sections AP Biology bilaterally symmetrical true coelem fan worm leech Invertebrate: Arthropoda Spiders, insects, crustaceans most successful animal phylum bilaterally symmetrical segmented specialized segments allows jointed appendages exoskeleton chitin (carbohydrate) + protein AP Biology Arthropod groups arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp AP Biology insects 6 legs, 3 body parts Invertebrate: Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber AP Biology radially symmetrical as adults spiny endoskeleton loss of bilateral symmetry? deuterostome Invertebrate quick check… Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Which group is the sponges? Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms? Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? Which two groups have radial symmetry? What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry? AP Biology Which group has no symmetry?
