Download Higher Invertebrate Notes

Kingdom Anamalia - The Higher Invertebrates
• The higher invertebrates contain 4
phyla of animals without a spinal cord,
but with many sophisticated organs
and systems
• They are larger and many are
terrestrial
• They have a coelom - fluid filled
cavity in the mesoderm
Kingdom Anamalia - The Higher Invertebrates
• Phylum Annelida - segmented worms ex. -earthworms, leeches, fanworm,
ragworm & lungworm
• Phylum Mollusca - mantle & muscular foot
ex. - chitons, snails, clams, oysters, scallops,
mussles, squids, octopuses, cuttlefish & nautilus
Kingdom Anamalia - The Higher Invertebrates
• Phylum Arthropoda - segmented with jointed
chitin exoskeleton ex- spiders, shrimp, insects,
centipedes & millipedes
• Phylum Echinodermata - skeleton of calcareous
plates under skin ex- sea stars, sea urchins,
brittle stars & sea lilies
Phylum Annelida - segmented worms
Body composed of repeating segments divided by septa
Closed circulatory system with pumping vessels
Hydoskeleton skeleton
Class Oligochaeta - earthworms
no true head but has an anterior brain - no sense
organs, no respiratory system, 5 pairs of aortic
arches with arteries, blood, paired nephridia
Each segment contains elements of circulatory,
digestive, excretory and nervous systems
Each worm contains male & female parts
Giant Australian Earthworm
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earthworms and other worms
live in terrestrial or freshwater
environments
lack the bristles that allow
movement and increase
surface area
Hermaphroditic-neither male
nor female
Second largest group
Examples: Aeolosoma,
Allolobophora, Chaetogaster,
Eisenia, Enchytraeus,
Lumbricus, Stylaria, Tubifex
lumbricus
•Ringlike
body parts
•No head
•Range
from 1 mm
to 3M
• http://www.urbanext.uiuc.ed
u/worms/history/index.html
The inside scoop
worm farmers
Class Hirudinea - Leeches
Flattened body with suckers
34 body segments - no setae
muscular pharynx with three jaws
Class Polychaeta - Many haired worms
•Fan worms, ragworms, lugworms & sea mouse
•Marine, live in mud, rocks & sand.
•Many have gills which serve as extensions for gas
exchange
•Separate sexes and external fertilization
•freshwater, terrestrial
and marine leeches
•About 500 species of
leeches
• Examples:
Acanthobdella,
Glossiphonia,
Haemadipsa,
Haemopsis, Hirudo,
Malacobdella,
Placobdella
Class Polychaeta - Many haired worms
Marine, well formed head with ocelli and statocyst
Clam Worms
Class Polychaeta - Many haired worms
Nereid
Fan Worm
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Mostly marine worms,
Of the approximately 9000 species of annelids,
more than 8000 are Polychaetes.
• The largest and the most diverse of the Annelid
groups
• less than a millimeter to more than 2 meters in Arenicola (“lugworm”)
length
• Examples: Amphitrite, Aphrodite, Arenicola
("lug worm"), Chaetopterus, Clymenella,
Diopatra, Eudistyllia ("feather-duster worm"),
Eunice, ("palolo worm"), Glycera, Hydroides,
Lepidonotus, Nereis (= Neanthes), Odontosyllis
("fireworm"), Polygordius, Sabella, Serpula,
Spirobranchus ("Christmas-tree worm"), Spirorbis
Nereis
nereis
Aphrodite (sea mouse)
INTRODUCTION
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Over 50,000 species
Snails, clams, mussels, squids, octopus
Bilaterally symmetrical
True coelom formed by splitting embryonic
mesodermal masses
• Most species are strongly cephalized
CONTINUE……
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Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs
Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus
Body may possess a dorsal or lateral shells of protein
Has a nervous system with a circum-oesophagal ring, ganglia
and paired nerve chords
Has gaseous exchange organs called ctenidial gills.
Has a pair of kidneys.
Reproduction normally sexual
Feed a wide range of material.
Live in most environments.
BODY PARTS
• CEPHALIZED-they have a well-developed head, in which is located a
mouth and a concentration of nervous and sensory functions
• MANTLE– This sheath of tissue is formed from the dorsal body wall
– It surrounds the mantle cavity, which houses the gills or lungs if they
are present, and its surface may assist in gas exchange
• RADULA-rasping organ used in feeding
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– Toothed, and complex structure
• Used for scraping, tearing, stabbing, and cutting
Unsegmented soft body
Most have internal or external shell
Have a mantle (fold in the body wall that lines the shell)
Muscular foot and/or tentacles
SYSTEMS
• OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM– Complete with a heart, blood vessels,
respiratory pigments
• NERVOUS SYSTEM– Ganglia, and system of nerves
Phylum Mollusca - “soft-bodied”
complete digestion, open circulatory with a heart,
breathe with feathery gills or primitive lung
muscular foot, fleshy mantle, protective external
shell, feed with a scraping organ called a radula
Class Amphineura - chitons
Shell of eight plates, reduced head with one
muscular foot - roll into ball for protection
Class Gastropoda - snails
coiled shell, marine, freshwater and terrestrial
Class Bivalvia - clams, oysters, scallops & mussels
3 shell layers,
filter feeders - incurrent & excurrent siphons
digestive gland
foot used for locomotion, burrowing & sensory
Class Cephalopoda - squids, octopus, cuttlefish & nautilus
Head surrounded by tentacles usually with suckers
Locomotion from jet propulsion using siphon
Large eyes and mouth sometimes with beak
Circulatory system begins closed but is open ended
CLASS BIVALVIA
(pelecypoda)
• Approx. 8,000 living species found
• Clams, mussels, scallops, oysters,
• Laterally compressed animals, 2 shell
“valves” that are hinged on the animal’s
dorsal surface
• Found mostly in marine environmentintertidal zone to deepest ocean
Pearls come form Oysters
CLASS CEPHALOPODA
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Approx. 650 living species are active swimmers
These species are the largest known
invertebrates
Squid and octopus
Giant squid with tentacles found was up to 20
meters long
• External shells, internal hard shells
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Cytrosomes with a U- or J- shaped gut, fused head
foot system and advanced eyes
Internal view of a Nautilus
CLASS GASTROPODA
• Approx. 40,000 living species have shells
• Most successful group
• Some have reduced or inner shells or no shell at all (spirally
coiled shells)
• Wide range of habitat
• Shelled forms are called “SNAILS”
• Without shells are called “SLUGS”
• Most of the species are marine habitats but as well as land
• Some are found in freshwater and terrestrial environment
• Well developed head, bearing eyes and tentacles, and feet are
flattened to a creeping sole
Moon snail
chasing a cockle
Shelled Gastropod
Class Amphinerua
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Approx. 600 species
Chitons
Consist of 7 or 8 dorsal shell plates
Oval shaped radulate mollusc with a large,
muscular foot and eight chevron shaped
plates embedded in a spiculate girdle
HUMAN INTERACTIONS
• PETS
• THEY ARE EATEN
• GOOD AT HARVESTING BIOMASS
FOR BIOFILM
• TRAP VIRAL PARTICLES WITH THEIR
TENTICLES
Kingdom Anamalia - The Higher Invertebrates
Phylum Echinodermata
common traits:
• radial symmetry
• regenerate most body parts
• bony ossicles in their body
• water-vascular system pumps water out the
madroporite and supports
small jaws
• tube feet - attach to objects
for protection and gathering
food
Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates
Class Asteroidea - Starfish or Sea Stars
•Developed sense of smell, touch & taste. Also
respond to light
•Eat prey whole or extrude their stomach to digest
larger prey
Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates
Class Ophiuroidea –
Brittle Stars –
2,000 species
● found at the muddy
bottom of tropical
oceans
● central disc with
free-moving arms
● eat decaying matter
and microscopic
organisims
Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates
Class Echinoidea – Sea
Urchins
● Locomote with long
moveable spines
● Free moving skeleton
of fused plates – no
arms
● Between spines are
small pincers called
pedicellariae – cleaning
and defense (contain
toxin)
Sea Urchins
Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates
Class Holothuroidea – Sea Cucumbers
Free-moving body with mouth at one end of long
body
Tube feet and modified tentacles
Reduced skeleton
Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates
Class Crinoidea – Sea Lilies or Feather Stars
Branched arms with ciliated tube feet for feeding
Will swim when disturbed
Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates
Phylum Arthropoda - segmented animals with
jointed exoskeleton
Class Arachnida - spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
body has 1-2 main parts, 6 pairs of appendages
Class Crustacea - shrimp, krill, lobster, crab,
barnacles
body has 2-3 main parts, 2 pairs of antennae,
chewing mouthparts, 3 or more pairs of legs
usually a larvae stage
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find that a
rhinoceros
roach
makes a
cute and
cuddly
pet.
Kingdom Animalia - The Higher Invertebrates
Class Chilopoda - Centipedes
distinct head with antenna and chewing mouth,
poison claws on first segment
remaining segments contain walking legs
Class Diplopoda - millipedes
two pairs of legs per segment and a single skeletal
plate covering segments grouped in twos
Kingdom Animalia –
The Higher Invertebrates
Class Insecta - 700,000 species
body divided into - head, thorax &
abdomen
one pair of antenna, usually 2 sets of
wings and 3 pairs of legs
When young cicada
nymphs hatch from their
eggs, they dig
themselves into the
ground to suck the
liquids of plant roots.
They spend several early
life stages in these
underground burrows
before surfacing as
adults. The process
varies in length but often
takes a number of years.
1.
Female lays eggs and dies
soon after. Eggs hatch.
2. Bugs or 'nymphs' drop to
the ground
3. Nymphs live underground
feeding on tree roots
4. After 17 years, nymphs
tunnel to surface, crawl up
trees and shed skins to
become adults
5. Adults mate during May
and June of 17th year
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Cicada Nymph
Cicada shell
• Cicadas are probably best known for their buzzing and clicking noises, which can be
amplified by multitudes of insects into an overpowering hum. Males produce this
species-specific noise with vibrating membranes on their abdomens. The sounds
vary widely and some species are more musical than others. Though cicada noises
may sound alike to humans, the insects use different calls to express alarm or attract
mates.
17 – year cycle
Cicadas are also famous for their penchant
for disappearing entirely for many years,
only to reappear in force at a regular
interval. There are some 3,000 cicada
species, but only some share this behavior
(the 17-year cicada is an example).
Others are called annuals because,
although individuals have multi-year
lifecycles, some adults appear every year.
The dog day cicada, for example, emerges
each year in mid-summer.