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ZOO 115 Invertebrate Zoology Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Chelicerata Includes spiders, horseshoe crabs, seas spiders and scorpions Cephalothorax Have only two tagmata: cephalothorax and the abdomen Abdomen Subphylum Chelicerata Cephalothorax bears 6 pairs of appendages Chelicera are on the 2nd cephalothorax segment Pedipalps 4 pr walking legs. Do not have antennae and deutocerebrum Abdomen has 12 or fewer segments Pedipalp Chelicerae Subphylum Chelicerata Class Xiphosura Horseshoe crabs Up to 75 cm (largest chelicerates) Live in marine shallow water on soft bottoms Omnivores Toxic (lethal) to Predators – saxotoxin in tissues Vestigial coelom = body cavity is hemocoel http://www.globalclassroom.org/hcrab2.jpg Subphylum Chelicerata Class Xiphosura - Anatomy 6 pair of appendages 1 pr Chelicera 4 pr chelate legs 1 pr pusher legs Carapace Telson Chelate walking legs Compound eye Median eyes Pusher leg http://mainegovimages.informe.org/dmr/rm/aquarium/teachers_guide/horseshoe_crab_dorsal_vie w.jpg Subphylum Chelicerata Class Xiphosura - Feeding Uses chelate walking legs and chelicera to capture food. Transferred to the food groove Base of appendages are grinding surfaces (gnathobases) Spines on appendages move food to mouth Mouth Food http://mainegovGnathobase images.informe.org/dmr/rm/aquarium/teachers_guide/horseshoe_crab_dorsal_vie w.jpg Subphylum Chelicerata Class Xiphosura - Feeding Mouth to crop Transferred to muscular toothed gizzard Moves to stomach Digestable material to digestive pouch Other material to intestine Solid waste outside via anus Intestine Stomach Gizzard Solid waste Crop Food Digestive pouch http://mainegovimages.informe.org/dmr/rm/aquarium/teachers_guide/horseshoe_crab_i nternal_anatomy.jpg Subphylum Chelicerata Class Xiphosura - Gas Exchange Water moves in through space between the abdominal plate and the carapace Then moves across gills and out Gills http://mainegovimages.informe.org/dmr/rm/aquarium/teachers_guide/horseshoe_crab_internal_anatomy. jpg Subphylum Chelicerata Class Xiphosura - Circulation Blood flows into heart (via ostia) Pumped through arterial system Into hemocoel Through gills Back to heart Heart Pericardial sinus http://mainegovimages.informe.org/dmr/rm/aquarium/teachers_guide/horseshoe_crab_i nternal_anatomy.jpg Subphylum Chelicerata Class Xiphosura – Nervous system Large brain Compound lateral eyes Pair of median pigment cup ocelli Rudimentary ventral eye Sensilla mechanoreceptors chemorecepetors osmoreceptors Subphylum Chelicerata Class Xiphosura – Reproduction Gonochoric Sexual dimorphic – male smaller Mating during exceptionally high tides of full and new moons during Spring and Summer Female deposits 2000-30000 eggs into sand Male fertilizes eggs Have a trilobite larva http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310limulusLab_files/image020.jpg Subphylum Chelicerata – Class Arachnida Includes spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks ~70,000 described sp. but maybe a million more Mostly carnivores Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida - Anatomy Appendages Cheliceae Pedipalps Sometimes with poison or silk Many functions 4 pr walking legs Pedipalp Chelicera http://www.rochedalss.eq.edu.au/spider/spideran.gif Chelicera Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida - Digestion Small digestive tube Digestion starts in preoral cavity formed by appendages and carapaceproteolytic enzymes Either the stomach or pharynx is a muscular pump http://www.rochedalss.eq.edu.au/spider/spideran.gif Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida –Circulation Trachae Book lungs Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida – Gas Exchange and circulation Gas Exchange Trachae Book lungs Circulation Hemocoel Book lungs Heart Arterial system Back to hemocoel http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/bio201/book%20lung.gif Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida – Excretion Excrete quanine, adenine, xanthine or uric acid Allows little loss of water Two systems Nephridia Malphigian tubules Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida – Nervous system Brain http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/bionb424/students2004/leb27/CNSsmall.jpg Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida – Nervous system Sensory Compound eyes – small but greater number Sensory setae – major sense organs Mechanoreceptors Trichbothria – specialized for sensing weak air movement. Chemoreceptors Slit sense organs – strain gauges for cuticle No antennae but often equivalent on legs Class Arachnida - Diversity Order Scorpiones 3-21 cm in length Greatly enlarged pedipalps Very small chelicerae Stinger Predators – stay near burrow http://www.thedailylink.com/thespiralburrow/anatomy/anat02.html Can sting http://www.regalreptile.com/scorpion%203.jpg within 0.75 sec. Class Arachnida - Diversity Order Scorpiones http://www.thedailylink.com/thespiralburrow/anatomy/anat02.html Gonochoric Mature – 6 yrs Extended courtship ritual Indirect sperm transfer – spermatophores Viviparous Care of young Direct development – months Live up to 25 yrs http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/az1320/Female-bark-scorpionalt.jpg http://www.regalreptile.com/scorpion%203.jpg Class Arachnida - Diversity Order Uropygi Whip scorpions or Vinegaroons 80 mm in length Cephalothorax completely covered by carapace Pair anterior median eyes 3-4 pairs lateral eyes Small chelicerae Large chelate pedipalps http://www.petbugs.com/caresheets/gallery/M-giganteus.jpg Class Arachnida - Diversity Order Uropygi 2 pair book lungs Pair of large repugnatorial glands 84% acetic acid and 5% caprylic acid 1st leg acts as antennae Gonothropic Complex courship Indirect sperm transfer - spermatophore http://www.petbugs.com/caresheets/gallery/M-giganteus.jpg Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Amblypygi Whip spider 1st legs – antennae All legs sensory Anatomy similar to spiders: Chelicerae similar to spiders but lack poison glands. repugnatorial glands No silk produced Tends to move laterally Indirect sperm transfer spermatophore http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/hall_tour/spectrum/specimens/ a2395h.jpg Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Araenae Spiders 0.5 mm to 9 cm in length ~40,000 described sp, ~130,000 undescribed sp. Males usually smaller than females Three groups based Most Primitive Primitive chelicerae (only longitudinal movement) Segmented abdomen Primative Primitive chelicerae Advanced Fangs can move to oppose each other Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Araenae – Silk What is it? Made of glycine, alanine and serine 6-8 different kinds 0.003 mm thick Cribellum Silk glands – different kinds Spinnerets Single thread composed of many fibers which are weaved together Cribellum – not in all 5-6 used by any one spider Produced by http://www.dmns.org/main/minisites/spiders/idkey1.html http://www.dmns.org/main/minisites/spiders/idkey1.html Anterior to spinnerets Fine silk used for prey capture Spiders eat silk to reclaim it Silk glands Spinnerets //www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2017.jpg Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Araenae – Silk Function Reproduction Sperm web Egg case Nests http://citybugs.tamu.edu/ FastSheets/images/spider -ballooning.gif Dragline Dispersion Prey capture (webs) http://www.museums.org.za/bio/spiderweb/reproduction.htm http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/spidermyth/images/ draglinethumb.jpg http://typhoon.wcp.muohio.edu/tropicalvideos/ costarica03/spidereggcase03.jpg Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Araenae – Prey capture Web builders Orbs Only the spiral is sticky Walk on radial Tarantula Built to catch specific types of insects Affected by food Tunnel or Trapdoor http://www.bushveld.co.za/pic tures-arachnids/garden-spiderlarge.jpg Hunting Heavier legs Good eyes in many http://mamba.bio.uci.edu/~pjbryant/biodiv/spiders/Ap http://www.1000plus.com/alex/ImageGallery/Arachnids%20honopelma%20reversum.htm %20Spiders/tn/Tunnel%20Spider.jpg.html http://www.coffee.co.uk/spiders.html http://www.nancylynne.com/Spider% 20Web%20for%20web.jpg Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Araenae – Prey capture Scopulae – walk up walls or glass Best developed slit sensors on legsvibration Eyes Main Secondary http://dine.sanjuan.k12.ut.us/heritage/land/animals/bugs/images/w olf_spider.jpg http://www.dal.ca/~egingl/research.htm http://research.amnh.org/entomology/blackrock2/images/main_key/ scopulae_philodromidae.gif Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Araenae – Prey capture Fangs Movement http://www.geocities.com/spiders_snakes/spider/fang.jpg Toxin Hunters – cytotoxin antibiotics usually required no anti-venom anti-tetanus injection Some patients In 3 days mild fever, headaches The above victim saw the Brown Recluse Brown Recluse or Violin spider spider on her foot as she got out of the shower. This leg no longer exists because she had to have it amputated below the knee. http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/spider-fang.gif http://www.museums.org.za/bio/spiderweb/bites.htm http://www.brown-recluse.com/index.html?google1 Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Araenae – Prey capture Black Widow Fangs Movement Toxin Web-builders – neurotoxin severe pain in the chest and abdomen anxiety, raised blood pressure breathing difficulties and heart palpitations nausea and vomiting sweating, excessive salivation and watery eyes a rash might develop Trachoma Funnel-Web Spider LETHAL Atrax Funnel-Web spider LETHAL http://acd.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/Trechona.htm http://www.dobrodruh.cz/data/bookimg/00363-atrax.jpg http://library.thinkquest.org/C007974/media/2_ 4bla.jpg Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Araenae – Prey capture Fangs Movement Non-Toxic http://www.ambergriscaye.com/pages/photos/art/tarantula.jpg Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Araenae – Digestion Either totally dissolve prey with enzymes or masticate Fluid sucked into midgut passing through particle filters Digested in Caeca Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Araenae – Gas Exchange Book lungs And/or tracheae Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Araenae – Reproduction Gonochoric Indirect sperm transfer No spermatophores Transferred by pedipalps Male spins sperm web (shown earlier) Deposits sperm on web Transfers sperm to pedipalps Pedipalps transfer sperm to female Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Solifugae Sun spider ~800 species 2 mm – 7 cm Inhabit warm arid regions Enormous chelicerae No venom 1st legs used as antennae Males extremely fast Highly developed tracheae http://www.key-net.net/users/swb/pet_arthropod/SS.jpg Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Opilones Spider leg Daddy long-legs or Harvestman ~5000 species 5 mm – 22 cm body No venom No constriction between cephalothorax and abdomen Long legs because of a multisegmented tarsus May have 100s Eyes on Tubercle http://troyb.com/photo/images/photos/00012918.jpg http://www.thelensflare.com/large/spider_979.jpg http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/Spiders/Info/spiderinfo.htm Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Acari Ticks and mites ~40,000 described Gnathosoma 0.1 – 0.75 mm length >1,000,000 undescribed http://www.sdm.buffalo.edu/scic/toms_tick/tick-2_full.jpg Smallest can live in tracheae of honeybee Present in all habitats tagmata different No segmentation Entire body covered with single carapace Idiosoma Pedipalp http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/st ruct/amdogtik.gif Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Acari Large diversity in feeding Carnivores Herbivores Scavengers Ectoparasites Endoparasites Chelicera Pedipalp http://www.ijon.de/zecken/images/i-hex-wg.gif http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/st ruct/amdogtik.gif Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Acari Nervous system Sensory setae Air currents Heat Chemo Mechano Median and lateral eyes Slits on legs that may be analogous to slit sense organs http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/st ruct/amdogtik.gif Class Arachnida – Diversity Order Acari Reproduction Gonochoric Indirect sperm transfer by spermatophore Transferred by chelicera, male 3rd pr. legs or female may pick up. Eggs in soil or humus 2-6 wk incubation http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/st ruct/amdogtik.gif
