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Sponges, Cnidarians, Worms, etc…. The Animal Kingdom Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Sexual Reproduction, Movement. Symmetry: A) asymmetry B) radial C) bilateral Lifestyle: A) sessile – “filter feeder” B) parasitic – benefits (feeds) off of another individual C) Predator/Prey Relationship – hunt or be hunted - carnivore - herbivore - scavenger - omnivore Animal Kingdom (cont) Organization: - cells-tissues-organs-organ systems ORGANISM Body plan – hydrostatic skeleton = uses water pressure to form shapes -Cephalization = Sensory organs are centralized towards a head = Easier to protect, If you lead w/the head you find danger/prey/etc faster Body Plan (cont) Chordates = Does it have a dorsal hollow nerve cord? Vertebrates vs Invertebrates: Does it have a backbone? Protostomes: Only one opening to the digestive system Deuterostomes: Has both a mouth and an anus “tube-in-tube design” Body Plan (cont) -Segmentation = repeating body sections = requires less DNA - Exoskeleton = skeleton on the outside ---VS--- Endoskeleton = skeleton on the inside Anatomical Directions Anterior = towards front; Posterior = towards back Superior = above; Inferior = below Proximal = towards body/trunk; Distal = away from body/trunk Medullay= towards center; Cortical= towards surface Medial=towards midline; Lateral=away from midline Cephalic = towards head; Caudal = towards tail antaennalope Phylum = Porifera - The Sponges; -por-: hole Real Sponge Synthetic Sponge - Sessile = Filter-Feeders – the sift through the water for food - Mostly asymmetrical; Some radial symmetry displayed - Organized to the tissue level - Displays movement with sperm cells and choanocytes Sponge Parts and What they Do Osculum-Large opening where filtered water exits Central Cavity-Space n the middle of the sponge Porocytes-Open and close pores to allow water flow Choanocytes-Flagella provide current to draw water in for feeding Amoebocytes-Absorb and digest food particles Pinacocytes-Tough cells on outside layer. Spicules-Spines made by sponge to provide structure (skeleton) Sponge Life-Cycle - Asexual Reproduction through Asexual budding: A piece breaks off and form a new sponge Sexual reproduction: 1) Sperm in released into waters 2)Sperm finds another sponge to fertilize 3)Fertilized eggs form gemmules that catch the current and land elsewhere to grow 4)Gemmules resemble the polyp form of a Cnidarian 5) All sponges are male and female Porifera Diagram Complete a diagram of a sponge in cross-section. If you require an inset that is magnified for clarity, please use one. Make sure to include the following structures: -osculum -central cavity -pores/pore cells -choanocyte -spicule -Epidermal cell -Amoebocyte ****arrows indicating the flow of water**** **Write down the function of each structure on the back** Phylum = Cnidaria Cnidarians -cnido-: sting; All cnidarians have cnidocytes=stinging cells Both forms of cnidarians use tentacles with cnidocytes to inject venom then get prey into their mouths HYDRA: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqXkaZwiu6s&feature=related HYDRA GRABBING DAPHNIA: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G188PDx73i8 HYDRA FEEDING: http://www.blinkx.com/watch-video/hydrafeeding/w2UQnb8IS9qrDg6Dr2yGwA Body Plan: Either Polyp: Ex: coral, anemone or Medusa: Ex: jellyfish Life-cycle = polyp state usually uses a medusa phase to be mobile during sexual reproduction. 2 different Body Types Polyp: Coral, Anemone, Hydra Medusa: Jellyfish Cnidarians All Have Cnidocytes Cnidocytes = stinging cells Usually located in some type of tentacle in order to find prey. The cnidocyte launches a venomous harpoon (the nematocyst) in to the prey. The venom has varying toxicity. Animal Characteristics of Cnidarians Hydrostatic Skeleton Moves to hunt for its food, and for reproductive purposes in the medusa form. Has organized to the organ level: tentacles, gastrovascular cavity. Gastrovascular Cavity: Large central cavity with one opening (mouth/stoma) where digestion occurs. Roundworms, Flatworms and Segmented Worms Roundworms = Nematodes Unsegmented worms with body cavities and tough outer cuticle for protection Digestive system has 2 openings: Mouth Anus “Tube-in-Tube Design” - saves time in efficiency - allows more time for digestion - prevents disease Simplest animals to have bilateral symmetry and cephalization Some are free-living (non-parasitic) - Ascaris lumbracoides feeds on vegetation Many are parasitic = they live off of another’s acquired resources. - complex life-cycles - Hookworm = bore into host’s foot from the ground. Makes you crave dirt - Trichinosis = Uncooked pork - Heartworm = transferred to dogs from mosquitoes - Pinworm = #1 parasite in the US get from unwashed hands lives in the intestines - Elephantiasis = parasite clogs drainage tubes Hookworm Complicated Parasite Life-Style Trichinosis/ Elephantiasis Others Flatworms = Platyhelminthes Free-living varieties - Planaria- live in lakes and pools of water - Protostomes – Pharynx - eyespots – detect light - Flame cells – excretion (like kidneys) Parasitic- Flukes- internal parasites - attaches with suckers - Has same cuticle as some nematodes - Simple digestive system since they just use the host’s Tapeworms- Long Ribbon-like internal parasites - Many repeating segments called proglottids each containing a set of eggs - Has a head called a scolex that grabs onto the inside of digestive tract. - No Mouth = ?Why? Segmented Worms = Annelids 3 Classes: 1) Polycheates = Tubeworms 2) Hirudinea = Leeches blood-sucking parasites 3) Oligocheates = Earthworms Annelids Developed Organ Systems to Complete Functions Excretory system- Nephridia = remove wastes Reproductive- Clittellum = where sex occurs - Ovaries and Testes = hermaphroditic (why?) Digestive – Mouth Pharynx Esophagous Crop Gizzard Intestines Anus - Crop = food storage - Gizzard = muscular structure used to grind food without use of teeth Locomotion – Circular Muscles - Longitudinal muscles - Setae Circulatory – Blood vessels - Aortic arches Nervous System – Ventral nerve cord - Brain? Earthworm Dissection Be Able to Identify the Following: Crop Gizzard Mouth Anus Seminal Vessicles Aortic arches / Circulatory system Clitellum Setae A Segment