Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
LIS 570 Summarising and presenting data Univariate analysis continued Bivariate analysis Selecting analysis and statistical techniques Specific research question or hypothesis Determine number of variables Type title here Univariate analysis Bivariate analysis Multivariate analysis Determine level of measurement of variables Choose univariate method of analysis Choose relevant descriptive statistics Choose relevant inferential statistics De Vaus p133 Methods of analysis (De Vaus, 134) Univariate methods Bivariate methods Multivariate methods Frequency distributions Cross tabulations Conditional tables Scattergrams Partial rank order correlation Regression Multiple and partial correlation Correlation Multiple and partial regression Comparison of means Path analysis Summary Inferential statistics for univariate analysis Bivariate analysis crosstabulation the character of relationships - strength, direction, nature correlation Inferential statistics - univariate analysis Interval estimates - interval variables estimating how accurate the sample mean is based on random sampling and probability theory Standard error of the mean (Sm) Standard deviation Sm = s N Total number in the sample Standard Error Probability theory for 95% of samples, the population mean will be within + or - two standard error units of the sample mean this range is called the confidence interval standard error is a function of sample size to reduce the confidence interval, increase the sample size Inference for non-interval variables For nominal and ordinal data Variable must have only two categories may have to combine categories to achieve this P = the % in one category of the variable SB = PQ Q = the % in the other category of the variable N Total number in the sample Standard error for binominal distribution Association Example: gender and voting Are gender and party supported associated (related)? Are gender and party supported independent (unrelated)? Are women more likely to vote Republican? Are men more likely to vote Democrat? Association Association in bivariate data means that certain values of one variable tend to occur more often with some values of the second variable than with other variables of that variable (Moore p.242) Cross Tabulation Tables Designate the X variable and the Y variable Place the values of X across the table Draw a column for each X value Place the values of Y down the table Draw a row for each Y value Insert frequencies into each CELL Compute totals (MARGINALS) for each column and row Determining if a Relationship Exists Compute percentages for each value of X (down each column) Base = marginal for each column Read the table by comparing values of X for each value of Y Read table across each row Terminology strong/ weak; positive/ negative; linear/ curvilinear Cross tabulation tables Occupation White collar Blue collar Total Labor Freq 270 % 27% Freq % 810 81% 1080 Other 730 73% 190 920 Totals 1000 100% 1000 100% Read Table 19% Calculate percent 2000 (De Vaus pp 158-160) Cross tabulation Use column percentages and compare these across the table Where there is a difference this indicates some association Describing association Strong - Weak Direction Strength Positive - Negative Nature Linear - Curvilinear Describing association Two variables are positively associated when larger values of one tend to be accompanied by larger values of the other The variables are negatively associated when larger values of one tend to be accompanied by smaller values of the other (Moore, p. 254) Describing association Scattergram a graph that can be used to show how two interval level variables are related to one another Variable N Shoe size Age Variable M Description of Scattergrams Strength of Relationship Linearity of Relationship Strong Moderate Low Linear Curvilinear Direction Positive Negative Description of scatterplots Y Y X Y X Strength and direction Y X X Description of scatterplots Y Nature X Y Y Strength and direction X Y X X Correlation Correlation coefficient number used to describe the strength and direction of association between variables Very strong = .80 through 1 Moderately strong = .60 through .79 Moderate = .50 through .59 Moderately weak = .30 through .49 Very weak to no relationship 0 to .29 -1.00 Perfect Negative Correlation 0.00 No relationship 1.00 Perfect Positive Correlation Correlation Coefficients Nominal Phi (Spss Crosstabs) Cramer’s V (Spss Crosstabs) Ordinal (linear) Gamma (Spss Crosstabs) Nominal and Interval Eta (Spss Crosstabs) Correlation: Pearson’s r (SPSS correlate, bivariate) Interval and/or ratio variables Pearson product moment coefficient (r) two interval normally distributed variables assumes a linear relationship Can be any number from 0 to -1 : 0 to 1 (+1) Sign (+ or -) shows direction Number shows strength Linearity cannot be determined from the coefficient r= .8913 Summary Bivariate analysis crosstabulation X - columns Y - rows calculate percentages for columns read percentages across the rows to observe association Correlation and scattergram describe strength and direction of association