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Logic
Sources
of reliable knowledge
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Scientific method
Sources of Reliable Knowledge
Experience
Reason
Authority
Revelation
Intuition
Common
sense
Deduction
General
to specific
Basis of mathematics
Deductive syllogism
Limited to what is already
known
Deductive Syllogisms
Categorical
Hypothetical
Alternative
Disjunctive
Categorical
 All
crows are black.
 This bird is black.
 This bird is a crow.
Hypothetical
 If
the building is on fire, we are in
danger.
 The building is on fire.
 We are in danger.
Alternative
 Either
I pass the test, or I will
flunk the course.
 I will not pass the test.
 I will flunk the course.
Disjunctive
 It
cannot be both a rainy day
and a good day for a picnic.
 It is a rainy day.
 It is not a good day for a picnic.
Induction
 Specific
to general
 Basis of statistics
 Expands knowledge with
varying degrees of probability
Inductive Arguments
Perfect Induction
I
observed every crow in
Oklahoma to determine
that they were black.
Imperfect Induction
I
observed a representative
sample of the crows in
Oklahoma to determine that
they were black.
Scientific Method
 Experience
difficulty
 Define problem
 Form hypotheses (induct)
 Reason deductively
 Test hypotheses
 Confirm or reject