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Introductory Statistics:
Exploring the World through Data, 1e
by Gould and Ryan
Chapter 5:
Modeling Variation with Probability
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 5 - 1
True or False
Random means that no predictable pattern
occurs and that no digit is more likely to
appear than any other.
50%
50%
A.
B.
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 2
To generate random numbers, one can
A.
use the internet.
B.
use a computer
program.
C.
use a random number
table.
D.
All of the above.
25%
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
25%
25%
B.
C.
25%
D.
Slide 5 - 3
Theoretical probabilities are
A.
the relative frequencies at
which an event happens after
infinitely many repetitions.
B.
the relative frequencies based
on an experiment.
C.
the long-run relative
frequencies based on an
experiment.
D.
the short-run relative
frequencies of an event after
infinitely many repetitions.
25%
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
25%
25%
B.
C.
25%
D.
Slide 5 - 4
Empirical probabilities are
A.
the relative frequencies at
which an event happens after
infinitely many repetitions.
25%
B.
the short-run relative
frequencies of an event after
infinitely many repetitions.
C.
the relative frequencies based
on an experiment.
D.
the long-run relative
frequencies based on an
experiment.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A.
25%
25%
B.
C.
25%
D.
Slide 5 - 5
True or False
Simulations are experiments used to produce
empirical probabilities, because the
investigators hope that these experiments
simulate the situation they are examining.
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 6
True or False
Probabilities are always numbers between 0
and 1, exclusive of 0 and 1.
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 7
True or False
If the probability of an event happening is 0,
then that event always happens.
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 8
True or False
If the probability of an event happening is 1,
then that event never happens.
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 9
The probability that an event will not
happen is
A.
negative the probability25%
it will happen.
B.
the reciprocal of the
probability it will
happen.
C.
1 minus the probability
it will happen.
D.
None of the above.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A.
25%
25%
B.
C.
25%
D.
Slide 5 - 10
True or False
The probability that an event will not happen is
called the complement of the event.
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 11
True or False
A list that contains all possible (and equally
likely) outcomes is called the sample space.
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 12
When the outcomes are equally likely, the
probability that a particular event occurs is
A.
the number of outcomes that
make up that event, divided by 25%
the total number of outcomes in
the sample space.
25%
25%
B.
C.
25%
the number of outcomes
resulting in the event divided
by the number of outcomes in
the sample space.
Number of outcomes in A
C. =
.
C.
we
Number of all possible outcomes
D.
All of the above.
B.
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
D.
Slide 5 - 13
The word AND creates a new event out of
two events A and B. The new event
consists of
A.
all outcomes that are only in
A, that are only in B, or that
are in both.
B.
only those outcomes that are
in both event A and event B.
C.
only those outcomes that are
in either event A or event B,
but not both.
D.
all outcomes that are in either
event A or event B, but not
both.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
25%
A.
25%
25%
B.
C.
25%
D.
Slide 5 - 14
The word OR creates a new event out
of two events A and B. The new event
consists of
A.
all outcomes that are only in
A, that are only in B, or that
are in both.
B.
only those outcomes that are
in both event A and event B.
C.
only those outcomes that are
in either event A or event B,
but not both.
D.
all outcomes that are in either
event A or event B, but not
both.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
25%
A.
25%
25%
B.
C.
25%
D.
Slide 5 - 15
True or False
When two events have no outcomes in
common—that is, when it is impossible for
both events to happen at once—they are called
mutually exclusive events.
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 16
If A and B are not mutually exclusive events,
the probability that event A happens OR event
B happens, i.e., P(A OR B) is
25%
A.
= P(A) + P(B)
B.
= P(A) + P(B) + P(A AND B)
C.
= P(A) + P(B) – P(A AND B)
D.
= P(A) + P(B) – P( A OR B)
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
25%
25%
B.
C.
25%
D.
Slide 5 - 17
True or False
The conditional probability P(A|B) means to
find the probability that event A occurs, but to
restrict your consideration to those outcomes
of A that occur within event B.
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 18
Which of the following is/are example(s) of
conditional probability? Find the probability
that a randomly selected person
A.
with a college degree
is married.
B.
is married given that
the person has a
college degree.
C.
is married if they are
college-educated.
D.
All of the above.
25%
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A.
25%
25%
B.
C.
25%
D.
Slide 5 - 19
True or False
P(A | B) means “the probability of A occurring,
given that event B has occurred.”
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 20
The formula for calculating
conditional probability is
A.
P(A and B)
AP(A | B) = P(A) .
B.
BP(A | B) =
C.
and B)
.
CP(A | B) = P(AP(B)
D.
None of the above
25%
25%
25%
B.
C.
25%
P(A or B)
.
P(B)
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
D.
Slide 5 - 21
True or False
P(B|A) = P(A|B)
A.
B.
50%
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 22
The formula
equivalent to
P(A and B)
P(A | B) =
P(B)
25%
A.
P(A and B) = P(A) P(B|A)
B.
P(A and B) = P(B) P(A|B)
C.
Both A and B above.
D.
None of the above.
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
is
25%
25%
B.
C.
25%
D.
Slide 5 - 23
True or False
To say that events A and B are independent
means that P(A|B) = P(A).
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 24
True or False
To say that events A and B are independent is
to day that the knowledge that event B
occurred does not change the probability of
event A occurring.
50%
50%
A.
B.
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 25
True or False
Multiplication Rule. If A and B are independent
events, then
P(A AND B) = P(A) P(B).
50%
50%
A.
B.
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 26
True or False
The Multiplication Rule that if A and B are
independent events, then
P(A AND B) = P(A) P(B) can not be used for
more than two events joined by “and.”
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 27
True or False
When performing a simulation, it is best to do
at least 100 trials if possible.
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 28
True or False
The Law of Large Numbers states that if an
experiment with a random outcome is repeated
a large number of times, the empirical
probability of an event is likely to be close to
the true probability.
50%
50%
A.
B.
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 29
True or False
The Law of Large Numbers means that if they
get a large number of heads in a row, then the
next flip is more likely to come up tails.
50%
A.
B.
50%
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 30
True or False
The Law of Large Numbers means that streaks
will not occur and if they do something is
wrong with the method being 50%
used.
50%
A.
B.
True
False
A.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
B.
Slide 5 - 31