Download Reporting Chi Square

Chi Square
Interpretation
Examples of Presentations
• The following are examples of presentations of chi-square tables and
their interpretations.
• These interpretations target a “non-academic” audience, and would be
appropriate for presenting information to those not familiar with
statistics.
• These examples assume presenters have time constraints, and
audiences have limited knowledge about chi-square analysis. The
interpretations are succinct and simplified.
• Please note: Slides are to be used only as simplified examples of how
chi-square can be used and interpreted. The data is not valid or reliable.
Hypothesis
•
People’s attitude towards sacrificing time
with family for the sake of their job is
contingent on their gender.
Measurement of Indicators
• Attitude towards sacrificing family for job was measured
by asking respondents the extent to which they agreed
that employees should expect to sacrifice time with
their family for the sake of their job.
• Gender was measured by asking respondents to
indicate if they were male or female.
Cross Tabulation - Acceptable to Sacrifice Time with Family For Job by Gender
Gender
Strongly
Disagree
Strongly
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Female
22.92 (11)
33.33 (16)
27.08 (13)
10.42 (5)
6.25 (3)
48.00 (48)
Male
1.92 (1)
26.92 (14)
23.08 (12)
46.15 (24)
1.92 (1)
52.00 (52)
Total
12.00 (12)
30.00 (30)
25.00 (25)
29.00 (29)
4.00 (4)
100.00 (100)
Total____________
Chi Square 21.83**
**p>.001
_____________________________________________ .
Note: Number in parentheses are frequency of agreement in each category
Response to statement:
It is acceptable to sacrifice time with your family for your job
Female
Male
50
45
Percent Response was Given
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Response
Agree
Strongly Agree
Conclusions
• With a chi square of 21.83 and a probability of less
than .001, we can conclude that there is a
relationship between gender and attitudes toward
family and work.
• Men are more than 4 times as likely to agree, and
females are more than 11 times as likely to disagree
that it is okay to sacrifice time with family for work.
Texas A&M Students’ Attitudes
on The Death Penalty
Constructed by Tandi McBride
Modified by Dr. Carol Albrecht
Chi Square Hypothesis

The extent to which respondents felt the
legal system is fair is contingent on their
political affiliation.

Students who are politically conservative are
more likely to perceive the legal system as
“fair” compared to students who are not
politically conservative.
Chi Square Table
Table 3. Cross Tabulation of Perception of Legal System by Political Ideology
____________________________________________________________________________
The Legal System is Fair
Political
Strongly
Strongly
Ideology
Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Agree
Total
_______________________________________________________________________________
Conservative
5.17 (5)
18.97 (11)
32.76 (19)
39.66(23)
3.45(2)
60
Not Conservative
18.33 (11)
38.33 (23)
25.00 (15)
18.33 (11)
0.00 (0)
60
Total
11.86 (14)
28.81 (34)
28.81 (34)
28.81 (34)
1.69 (2)
120
____________________________________________________________________________________
Chi Square 15.48**
*p< 0.05
**p<0.01
Conclusions
• With a chi square of 15.48 and a probability
of less than .001, we can conclude that there
is a relationship between political ideology
and attitudes toward the legal system
• Conservatives are more than twice as likely to
agree that the legal system is fair, and nonconservatives are more than twice as likely to
disagree.
Purpose: To evaluate students’ attitudes
towards physical appearance
Constructed by Natalie Schün
Modified by Dr. Carol Albrecht
Chi Square Table:
Table 1: Cross Tabulations of Gender by Amount of Time Spent
Getting Ready for a Date
Time Spent Getting Ready for a Date
Gender
30 Minutes or Less
Greater than 30 Minutes Total
Female
18.18 (10)
81.82 (45)
55
Male
76.19 (32)
23.81 (10)
42
Total
43.30 (42)
56.70 (55)
Chi-Square
32.64***
***p < .0001
Note: Number in parentheses are frequency in each category.
Chi Square: Hypothesis
Whether or not respondents take more than 30
minutes getting ready for a date is contingent on
their gender.
Chart 1:
Amount of time students take to get
ready for a date by gender
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Female
Male
30 minutes or
less
Greater than
30 minutes
Chi Square Analysis
• With a Chi-Square statistic of 32.64, I can reject the null
hypothesis at .05 level with a probability of less than .0001.
This allows me to state that the amount of time spent getting
ready for a date is dependent on gender.
Attitudes About the War in Iraq
By: Leesa Pettus
Modified: Carol Albrecht
Chi Square Hypothesis

Students’ attitudes regarding what they
believe the war in Iraq has accomplished
is contingent upon whether or not they
are conservative.
Chi Square Methodology
Measurement of Indicators

Political Ideology
– Respondents were asked to rank their political ideology from
very conservative to very liberal.
– Categories were then collapsed into conservative and not
conservative

Attitudes Toward Iraq War
– Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they
agreed that the Iraq War had accomplished nothing
Chi Square Table
Table 1. Cross Tabulations of Political Ideology by Belief that
the War in Iraq Has Accomplished Nothing.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Believe That the War in Iraq Has Accomplished Nothing
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Political Ideology Strongly
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Agree
Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Conservative 58.82 (20)
35.29 (12)
5.88 (2)
0.00 (0)
0.00 (0)
34
Not
Conservative 18.18 (12)
25.76 (17)
28.79 (19)
12.12 (8)
15.15 (10)
66
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total
32.00 (32)
29.00 (29)
21.00 (21)
8.00 (8)
10.00 (10)
(100)


Chi Square
***p<.0001
27.17***
Chi Square Analysis

My chi square statistic is significant and has a probability
of <.0001, therefore, I can reject the null hypothesis.

Conservatives are almost three times more likely than
non-conservatives to strongly disagree that the war in
Iraq has accomplished nothing.

None of the conservatives either agreed or strongly
agreed that the War in Iraq has accomplished nothing.
More than a quarter of the non-conservatives (27.27%)
either agreed or strongly agreed that the War in Iraq
accomplished nothing.
Factors Influencing High School Students’
Perception of Current and Future Education
Constructed By: Lorena Garcia
Modified by Carol Albrecht
Hypothesis
• What inspires high school students to be successful in school
is contingent on the respondent’s race.
Measurement of Indicators
• Race
• Students were asked to circle their racial classification given a
fairly large number of possibilities including “other (specify)”
• Inspiration
• Students were asked what inspired or motivated them to be
successful in school
• Answers were recorded and categorized into the following:
•
•
•
•
•
Family (i.e. siblings, parents, aunts, uncles, etc.)
Future education (i.e. going to college or other post high school education)
Current Accomplishments (i.e. membership in honor society, etc.)
Fear (i.e. parents would punish them if they did not do well, etc.)
Nothing (i.e. they were not currently motivated to do well)
Cross Tabulations of Race by What Inspires
High School Student’s to be Successful
Student’s Inspirations
Race
Family
Future
Current
Fear/
Total
Education
Accomplishments
Nothing
__________________________________________________________________________________________
White
100
24.52 (38)
19.35 (30)
47.74 (74)
8.39 (13)
African
American
100
34.18 (27)
6.33 (5)
34.18 (27)
25.32 (20)
Mexican
American
100
43.24 (32)
2.70 (2)
33.78 (25)
20.27 (15)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Total
(308)
31.49 (97)
12.01 (37)
40.91 (126)
Chi Square 34.80***
***p<.0001
Note: Number in parenthesis are frequency of response in each category
15.58 (48)
In Conclusion…
• For my Chi Square analysis, I was able to reject my null
hypothesis (with an chi-square statistic of 34.80 and a p<.001),
thus providing support that race does have an impact on what
inspires high school students to be successful.
• White students are almost nine times more likely than Mexican
Americans and three times more likely than African Americans to
indicate that future education inspires them.
• African Americans and Mexican Americans are much more likely
to indicate that fear or nothing inspires them than White
Americans.
Texas A&M Students’
Attitudes Towards the
Legalization of Marijuana
Constructed by Chelsea Moore
Modified by Dr. Carol Albrecht
Hypothesis

The level of agreement to the statement,
“Marijuana should remain illegal” is
contingent on the students’ political views.
Measurement of Indicators

Students were asked to indicate their level
of agreement to the statement, “Marijuana
should remain illegal”.

Political views were measured by asking
students to rank themselves from very
conservative to very liberal. Answers were
collapsed into two categories (e.g., nonconservative and conservative).
Chi Square
Table 1. Cross Tabulations of Political Views by Support of Keeping Marijuana Illegal
Support of Keeping Marijuana Illegal
Political Views
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Undecided
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Total
Non-conservative
24.49 (12)
12.24 (6)
28.57 (14)
14.29 (7)
20.41 (10)
100.00 (49)
Conservative
4.26 (2)
10.64 (5)
14.89 (7)
27.66 (13)
42.55 (20)
100.00 (47)
Total
14.58 (14)
11.46 (11)
21.88 (21)
20.83 (20)
31.25 (30)
100.00 (96)
Chi-square
*** p<0.001
14.67***
Chi Square

The chi square statistic is 14.67 and the
probability is less than 0.001, so we can
reject the null hypothesis.

Conservatives were twice as likely to
strongly agree, and non-conservatives
were almost six times as likely to strongly
disagree.